1. Aim: Did the spread of Protestantism in Europe represent a religious or secular revolt against the Catholic Church? Do Now: In time travel movies, why is it important not to cause changes to the future?

2. Causes of the Reformation One result of the Crusades was cultural diffusion. Because of cultural diffusion, merchants made more money. Merchants were primarily located in the city- states of Italy, and Europe. As merchants grew wealthy, cities grew wealthy. Because of this new wealth in cities, people moved from the manors to the cities in search of better jobs (and higher pay), which helped to cause the end of the feudal system.

3. Causes of the Reformation (continued) After the Middle Ages, people began to question the Church because it had not ended suffering caused by the Black Death/ Crusades. This questioning led to the Renaissance, which means rebirth. The Renaissance produced the ideal of humanism, an intellectual movement focused on human potential and achievements. Art & literature reflected humanism through the use of realism. Wealthy merchants financed the artists & writers who promoted this idea.

4. Causes of the Reformation (continued) During the Renaissance, people began to think about the individual and secular ideas. Secular means non-religious Johan Gutenberg invented the printing press, and in 1455, printed the Bible. The Bible was printed in German, and other languages. As a result, a great many people were finally able to read it.

5. Causes of the Reformation (continued) Martin Luther was a monk and a teacher. In 1517, he took a stand against the Church practice of selling indulgences. An indulgence was a pardon. It released a sinner from performing the penalty that a priest imposed for sins.

6. Martin Luther Cardinal Richelieu

7. King Henry VIII John Calvin