1. Unit 4 1945-1967 Cold War- Recap

2. The Cold War The world is polarized into two camps; Free Democratic Nations (USA) vs Communist (USSR) NATO

3. Lessons Learned Appeasement was an unsuccessful strategy; aggression will now be nipped in the bud

4. Soviet Aggression Soviet troops stayed in many eastern European countries 1948 – Czech democratic movement was taken over 1953 – East German revolts against communist rule were put down 1956 – Hungarian revolution was stopped Installed Moscow controlled communist governments in above states – creating a buffer zone of Soviet control

5. The Cold War beginnings The U. S. is the richest and most powerful, the only nation capable of countering Soviets The U.S.S.R. sets up communist governments, U.S. helped overthrow them (Korea, Vietnam) World now divided (polarized) into communist vs democratic Iron curtain descends (Churchill, 1946)

6. Berlin Divided 1945, 4 zones (Britain, France, US and USSR) June 1948, Soviet block land and water access to West Berlin U.S. airlifted supplies for 10 months Stalin relents in May 1948, official start of the Cold War 1961- Skilled workers started crossing in huge numbers to West Berlin East German economy was in danger of collapsing Soviet response: built- the Berlin Wall. a barrier between East and West.

7. Berlin Wall

8. The Marshall Plan June 1947, U.S plan to give direct aid to European nations Rationale: fewer poor nations = fewer communist nations Canada contributed $706 million out of $12.5 billion over 5 years Example of containment

9. The United Nations 1945 An International organization (192 countries) works on issues of international law, international security, economic development, social progress, and human rights.

10. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1949 Canada & U.S. plus 10 W. European countries joined together to defend the North Atlantic from Soviet aggression. Also bonds countries as trading partners

11. North Pole map

12. NORAD: North American Air Defense System 1957 Joined Canadian and American fighter, missile and radar units under one command center – in a mountain in Colorado – to protect from a Soviet attack

13. DEW Line: Distant Early Warning Line, 1957 A line of long range early warning radar stations that monitor the northern airspace between the USSR and Canada. Soviet missiles could be detected by NORAD’s command center.

14. Warsaw Pact 1955 Alliance between the USSR and Soviet satellite countries of Eastern Europe. Aimed at protecting the Soviet Eastern block if attacked by NATO

15. Igor Gouzenko Born: When? 1919 Where? Russia What did he do? He was A Russian KGB spy working in Canada as a cipher Clerk in 1943. In 1945 he defected to Canada and exposed an elaborate Soviet spy ring in Ottawa

16. The Diefenbunker A massive underground bomb shelter built in 1959 4 stories deep (all underground) Equipped to accommodate 300-500 people for 30 days Was built to house and maintain the government and communication in case of a nuclear attack

17. The Avro Arrow The most advanced supersonic jet, 10 years ahead of its time – Canadian made, completed in 1957. It could fly 2x the speed of sound. The U. S. wanted to arm the Arrow with nuclear warheads Diefenbaker refused. The Arrow project was cancelled in1959