1. The Cold War, 1948
Post-War Tensions

2. Division of Germany
The Allies decided to divide Germany into 4 zones after the war.
Also, the capital of Berlin was divided into 4 sectors.

3. The Cold War Begins
During World War II, the US and the Soviet Union had been allies
However, they had little in common except for their opposition to Nazi Germany
Once the war was over, tensions between the two countries surfaced
At the heart of the conflict were differences in their political and economic systems

4. Europe After WWII

5. Reasons for Distrust America Soviet Union Free elections
No elections or fixed/corrupt
Democratic
Dictatorship
Capitalist
Communist
‘Survival of the fittest’
Everybody helps everybody
Richest world power
Poor economic base
Personal freedom
Society controlled by the NKVD (secret police)
Freedom of the media
Total censorship

6. Capitalism vs. Communism
2 superpowers had emerged from WWII: the United States & the Soviet Union
Both wanted to assert their dominance and superiority over the other
Distrust on both sides!
The Soviet’s feared Western countries would try and invade them
The US/Canada feared the Soviets would try and overthrow their societies with communism

7. The Iron Curtain
The boundary between Western & Eastern Europe is often called the Iron Curtain
The Western Bloc was under Soviet influence (communism)
The former allies (US, Canada, France & Britain) were concerned the Soviets planned to spread their influence over Eastern Europe

8. The Cold War, cont’d Think of it as a war of words!
No war was actually ever declared!
The cold war was a war of words, propaganda (print , radio and TV) where all those involved created “spy” notions and invasions fear to citizens
Hostilities between the 2 groups were expressed in arguments, threats and actions intended to frustrate one another
Think of it as a war of words!

9. From World War II to Cold War
From World War II to Cold War

10. Soviet Spies in Canada
1945: Soviet spies were found in Canada (and other Western capitals)
Igor Gouzenko: young Russian announced to Canadian RCMP he had proof of a widespread Soviet spy ring
Documents proved spies in various government departments and in the Canadian-British atomic bomb project!!
Intentions of the Soviet’s seemed even more suspicious!

11. Igor Gouzenko
Defected to Canada in 1945 once he learned that he was to be sent back to the Soviet Union
Exposed Soviet Spy system in return for residence and protection
Reported that Soviets had the secrets to the atomic bomb
Americans arrest Ethel and Julius Rosenberg…convict and execute them
McCarthyism…sweeping accusations claiming individuals to be communists

12. Gouzenko
Following this reveal, Gouzenko feared for his (and his family’s life)
Initially, Gouzenko would walk around with a hood to try and hide his identity from the KGB (Soviet Secret Service)
The RCMP provided them with new identities and moved them to secret camp (under constant police surveillance)
To many Canadians, Gouzenko was a brave figure who alerted the Western world to the threat of Soviet Communism

13. Preparation for War …
Following discovery of Soviet spies, many wondered what would happen in the event of another war!
Many believed they could survive another war, if they properly prepared for it (and had advance warning)

14. Defense #1: Civil Defense Plan
Federal government created civil defense plans (emergency plans)
Cities made plans for alarm sirens and mass evacuations

15. Defense #2: Duck and Cover
Schools practiced having students duck under their desks
Had drills for students to run immediately home for cover

16. Defense #3: Bomb Shelters
With the threat of radio active fall out, bomb shelters became the new fad
Ideal shelter needed supply of water & fresh air (outside sources would be contaminated)
Many Canadians built these in their basements
Stocked up on canned goods and bottled water

17. Defense #4: The Diefenbunker
Where: Ottawa
What: 4 storey, 300 room, 100,000 square foot underground bunker
Why: meant to house 535 government officials in nuclear war

18. Inside the Diefenbunker
Top: CBC Emergency Broadcast Studio, Right: the Prime Minister suite
The Vault

19. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Formed in 1949
Defense pact to protect members from Soviet aggression
Economic advantage for Canada, as it included major trading partners
Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, Norway, The Netherlands, West Germany and the USA were included

20. Warsaw Pact
Founded in 1955
Soviets felt that NATO was a real threat so they created their own defensive pact
Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Soviet Union involved

21. NORAD NORth American Air Defense Canada and USA treaty of 1957
Goal to protect North America from Soviet attack
USA Headquarters is in a mountain in Colorado
Canadian Headquarters in North Bay, Ontario
Commander is American, deputy commander is Canadian
Both in direct contact with President and Prime Minister and need both approvals for any counter attack

22. DEW (Distant Early Warning)
Threat of long range missile attack creates a need for DEW Line (Distance Early Warning)
Canada permitted USA to build installations in the N.W.T
50 Radar stations across Northern Canada
Also created a “Pinetree Radar System” (49th Parallel – Can/US Border) and a “Mid Canada Line” (55th Parallel)
The Americans paid all $250 Million to build the defense system

24. MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction)
A policy that simply stated that if a nuclear attack were ever launched, both countries would launch everything they have to make sure everything was destroyed on both sides
No survivors

25. Truman Doctrine
“I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”
Support free people who are resisting outside pressures(communism) through economic aid

26. Marshall Plan Give money to help rebuild war damaged societies
Make alternatives to democracy less attractive
Prevent another WW3

27. Korean War 1950 – 1953 After WWII the USA and USSR divided the Korean
Peninsula at the 38th parallel
The did not consult the Koreans
The North adopted
Communism as it’s government
The North attacked the South
UN and USA supported South
China and USSR supported
North

28. Suez Crisis 1956 – 1957 : Israel vs. Egypt
Britain/France support Israel
Egypt new ties with USSR
Israel invades Egypt for control of Suez Canal
Goal was to control both sides of Suez Canal and remove Egyptian president
Nasser
UN and USSR pressure
both sides to withdraw

29. Canada and the Suez Crisis
Lester B. Pearson awarded Nobel Peace Prize for UN Recommendation of creating a Peacekeeping Force
Considered “Father of Modern Peacekeeping”
Egypt objected to Canadian Peacekeepers as the flag contained an enemy symbol (Union Jack)
New flag finally adopted in 1965, and proclaimed by Queen Elizabeth II

30. Cuban Missile Crisis Occurred during JFK’s Presidency 1962
Fidel Castro, the communist
leader of Cuba was installing nuclear
missiles
These missiles could easily hit any American city
Kennedy demanded that they be removed and blockaded shipments of the Soviet military to Cuba
It took 2 weeks for Soviet leader Krushchev to agree to dismantle them

31. Canada and the Cuban Missile Crisis
US asked Canada to put all military forces on alert
Canada hesitated causing tension
Canadian BOMARC missiles were not nuclear
Diefenbaker accused the US of pressuring Canada to go nuclear
Pearson opposed them, but when elected PM in 1963, the missiles were armed with nuclear warheads

32. John F. Kennedy Assassination
President John F Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963.

33. Failing Soviet Union
Soviet Union couldn’t financially support military it was building
Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor Meltdown- 1986
Soviet leader Gorbachev orders end of financial support to Warsaw Pact countries
both US President Ronald Reagan and Gorbachev begin dismantling nuclear weapons

34. German Reunification Berlin Wall begins to fall on November 9th, 1989
3rd October, 1990, Deutsche Einheit (German Unity)
East joins West and remains a democracy

35. The Fall of the Soviet Union
Much of Eastern Europe was left economically and politically tattered
Finalized 26th of December, 1991
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) divides into…
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan