1. Green Plants Biol 366 Spring 2011

2. Tree of Life: The Big Picture EukaryotesArchaeaBacteria ca. 4 bya now >3.5 bya >2 bya membrane-bound nucleus, organelles, etc.

3. Fig. 7.1 from the text

4. Green plants share: Chlorophylls a and b Starch storage Stellate flagellar structure Certain gene transfers from the chloroplast to the nucleus

5. Green plant diversity: > 300,000 species Two major groups: 1) chlorophytes (marine and other green algae) and 2) streptophytes [freshwater green algae and embryophytes (= land plants)] A major branch (clade) in the eukaryotic Tree of Life

6. Fig. 7.2 from the text

7. Basal streptophytes: Fig. 7.4 from the text Chlorophytes: Fig. 7.3 from the text

8. Conjugation in Spirogyra Haplontic life cycle (haploid dominant or zygotic meiosis) The only diploid cell the zygote

9. Charales Haplontic but some have multicellular gametangia (gamete-producing structures)

10. Embryophytes (land plants) share: Cuticle Alternation of generations (multicellular sporophyte and multicellular gametophyte) Multicellular gametangia (gamete- producing structures) Multicellular sporangium (spore- producing structure) Embryo (young sporophyte)

11. Bryophytes Hornworts, liverworts, mosses Gametophyte-dominant No vascular tissue (except conducting cells in a few mosses) Separate male and female gametophytes Sperm must swim to the egg, therefore need water for fertilization and therefore must remain small

12. Fig. 7.5 from the text: liverworts, mosses and hornworts Fig. 7.6 from the text

13. Hornwort sporophytes and gametophytes

14. Liverwort thallus (gametophyte) showing air pores

15. Liverwort Multicellular gametangia (male = antheridia)

16. Liverwort Multicellular gametangia (female = archegonia) Oogamy Retention of zygote within the female gametophyte Multicellular embryo

17. Moss male gametophyte (= antheridia) Capsule = sporangium of the sporophyte

18. Tracheophytes (vascular plants) Vascular tissue (tracheids) present Include lycophytes, monilophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns), and spermatophytes (seed plants)

19. Fig. 7.8 from the text

20. Monilophytes and Lycophytes Ferns, horsetails, quillworts, whisk- ferns, etc. Independent gametophytes and sporophytes Sperm must still swim to the egg Most are homosporous; a few evolved heterospory Many homosporous ferns have means of avoiding self-fertilization

21. Lycophytes Selaginella Lycopodium and friends Isoetes (quillwort)

22. Whisk-fern (Psilotum) Ferns (Leptosporangia) Monilophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns) horsetails

23. 1n spores Gametophyte (1n) Sporophyte (2n) Nutritionally independent sporophytes and gametophytes

24. Fern Life Cycle Fig. 8.4 from the text

25. Spermatophytes (seed plants) Secondary xylem (wood), heterospory, seeds Includes gymnosperms and angiosperms

26. Fig. 7.12 from the text

27. Gymnosperms Conifers, gingko, cycads, Gnetales Heterosporous (male and female sporangia) Sporophyte-dominant Antheridia lost, replaced by pollen (= male gametophyte) Archegonia present but reduced, embedded in nutritive tissue of the megasporangium (+ integument = ovule) Bear seeds (= fertilized, embryo-containing, unopening ovule)

28. Female cone with each scale bearing usually two ovules; directly exposed to pollen Male cones with each scale bearing two or more microsporangia

29. Section of female pine cone pine pollen pine microsporangia

30. Pine seeds Pine seedling—next sporophyte generation

31. Angiosperms “Dicotyledons”, monocotyledons Heterosporous Sporophyte-dominant Pollen = male gametophyte Archegonia lost; embryo sac = female gametophyte; ovules enclosed in carpels (indirect pollination) Double fertilization produces zygote + primary endosperm nucleus

32. Flower = a short, determinate shoot bearing highly modified leaves, some of which are fertile (i.e., bearing either microsporangia or megasporangia), with the megasporangia in carpels

33. Fig. 4.17 from the text: Angiosperm life cycle

34. Animal pollination syndromes

35. Wind pollination