1. Mineral Resources

2. What is a mineral resource? Any [ ] of naturally occurring material in or near the Earth’s crust. – Can be extracted and processed affordably Nonrenewable mineral resources – Take billions of years to develop under anaerobic conditions, extreme temperatures and pressure.

3. Types of Nonrenewable mineral resources 1.Metalic – Iron, copper, aluminum 2.Nonmetalic – Salt, clay, sand, phosphorus 3.Energy – Coal, oil

4. Categories of nonrenewable resources Identified – Deposits of known quality, quantity and location. Undiscovered – Potential supplies that are assumed to exist due to knowledge of geologic regions Reserves – Identified resources where a useable nonrenewable mineral may be mined for profit. Majority of predictions are based off of known reserves

5. How do these minerals form? Ore formation is due to the upward movement of magma at plates. (think back to mantel plumes)

6. Hydrothermal process Divergent plates fill with magma and salt water. Minerals are dissolved and cool into hydrothermal ore deposits located around black smokers that lead to precipitate of Pb, Zn, Cu, Au, Ag.

7. Sedimentary Sorting Occurs with movement of water. Minerals are carried and separated based on size.

8. What do we use? Ore: rock with enough of 1 or more metallic minerals to be mined profitably. Gangue: waste material from mining. Tailings: left over material from separation of ore from gangue

9. Mining and Extracting of mineral resources: Surface mining – Mining of shallow mineral deposits Removal of vegetation, soil, rocks (everything above the mineral deposit) which is referred to as overburden This overburden is then turned into spoils or piles of waste material. – 90% of nonfuel + rock resources in the US – 60% of coal in US

10. Dredging Mining out of riverbeds or water sources. – Gold, sand Also used to channel rivers.

11. Open pit mining Dig a hole to remove ore. Referred to as quarry – Iron, copper, gravel, sand, stone etc

12. Strip Mining Done of flat terrain. Remove overburden Dig slit and remove mineral. Fill back with overburden. Repeat Creates soil banks: series of highly erodible hills

14. Contour Strip Mining Done on hills that are terraced to remove ore. Overburden dumped into terrace below. Highwall: wall of dirt in front of erodible soil

15. Mountain Top Removal Explosives used to remove overburden and reach coal or other ore. Removes entire top section of mountains. HUGE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT BUT SAFER FOR WORKERS

16. Negatives to Surface mining 1.Waste material Mining waste accounts for ¾ of U.S. solid waste 2.Acid Mine Drainage Water from rain that hits spoil piles carries H 2 SO 4 to surface water or can leach into groundwater 3.Harmful emissions released into atmosphere from smelting. Both surface and subsurface mining, part of heating process to remove impurities. 4.Environmental Damage and drastic impact on biodiversity.

17. Surface Mining Control Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMRCA) Requires mining companies to restore land to the original pre-mined condition to limit environmental impact of coal mining. – Created regulations for current coal mines in the United States – Created a tax to fund the restoration of previously abandoned mines.

18. Subsurface mining Mining of mineral resources that are located further below Earth’s surface. Pros: – < 1/10 land disturbed compared to surface mining

19. Room and Pillar

20. Environmental Impact of mining 1.Scarring land – ~500,000 mines in the US which cost $10s of billions. 2.Collapse and subsidence 3.Acid mine drainage – Sulfuric acid in water supplies 4.Erosion 5.Toxic chemical emission into atmosphere – smelting

21. subsidence

22. Supplies of our mineral resources Amount depends on 1.Actual (potential) supply 2.Rate of usage Depletion time: time it takes to use up ~80% of mineral reserves at current usage rate. Reserve to production ratio: # of years proven reserves will last at current annual reduction costs – Best available projections

24. Is there enough to go around? Depletion time: length of time for ~80% of the mineral resource to be used. Minerals never truly get depleted but they become economically depleted when the cost to mine, transport and process is too costly.

25. Is there enough to go around?

26. But does the economy impact the depletion time? Scarce resources = increase costs – This can promote research into better mining practices, technologies, sustainability and efficiency. BUT… Government has more control – Depletion allowances: deduction of costs for developing and extracting resources from taxable income (5-22% of gross income) – Subsidies, tariffs – No longer a true competitive free market

27. So is it possible to extend the length before economic depletion occurs? Utilize lower quality ore – Better technologies allow for ore that used to be considered waste to now be processed. Mine in new locations – Oceans – Shale and tar sands