2. 2006-2007 Evolution by Natural Selection Objectives 9/9/11 1.Go over open ended response for Darwin and Test Results – practice outlining correctly. 2.Begin evolution and diversity of organisms unit. 3.Website Issue: NO www before it. Just type rossman.educatorpages.com Extension on bonus question. 4.Survival of the sneakiest Comic to review concepts. Upcoming Due Dates: AP flashcard vocab due Monday. Writing assignments due Monday. Open Ended Question Fixed for Monday.

3. TINTORETTO The Creation of the Animals 1550 DOCTRINE

4. But the Fossil record… OBSERVATION

5. Life’s Natural History is a record of Successions & Extinctions Quaternary Tertiary Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Permian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian Ediacaran Precambrian, Proterozoic, & Archarozoic Anaerobic Bacteria Insects Reptiles Dinosaurs Mammals Birds Land Plants Seed Plants Plants Arthropods Chordates Jawless Fish Teleost Fish Amphibians Photosynthetic Bacteria Green Algae Multicellular Animals Molluscs 1.5 4500 700 63 135 180 225 280 350 400 430 500 570 Flowering mya

6. Initial Time Line Assignment Earth was formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago.

7. LaMarck Organisms adapted to their environments by acquiring traits – change in their life time Disuse organisms lost parts because they did not use them — like the missing eyes & digestive system of the tapeworm Disuse organisms lost parts because they did not use them — like the missing eyes & digestive system of the tapeworm Perfection with Use & Need the constant use of an organ leads that organ to increase in size — like the muscles of a blacksmith or the large ears of a night-flying bat Perfection with Use & Need the constant use of an organ leads that organ to increase in size — like the muscles of a blacksmith or the large ears of a night-flying bat – transmit acquired characteristics to next generation

8. Charles Darwin 1809-1882 British naturalist Proposed the idea of evolution by natural selection Collected clear evidence to support his ideas

9. Robert Fitzroy Voyage of the HMS Beagle Invited to travel around the world – 1831-1836 (22 years old!) – makes many observations of nature main mission of the Beagle was to chart South American coastline

10. Darwin did NOT challenge the existence of a divine creator He thought the divine creator was present and “expressing himself”

11. Voyage of the HMS Beagle Stopped in Galapagos Islands – 500 miles off coast of Ecuador

12. What did he do with his down time? Read Charles Lyell. Contemplated the theory of animals and plants in flux as continents change. Studied the plants and animals of different areas. Saw related but distinct life on islands.

13. Armadillos are native to the Americas, with most species found in South America. Glyptodont fossils are also unique to South America. Succession of types Why should extinct armadillo-like species & living armadillos be found on the same continent?

14. Mylodon (left) Giant ground sloth (extinct) Modern sloth (right) “This wonderful relationship in the same continent between the dead and the living will…throw more light on the appearance of organic beings on our earth, and their disappearance from it, than any other class of facts.”

15. Unique species

16. Finch?Sparrow? Woodpecker? Warbler? Darwin found… birds Finch?Sparrow? Woodpecker? Warbler? Collected many different birds on the Galapagos Islands. Thought he found very different kinds…

17. Darwin was amazed to find out: All 14 species of birds were finches… Finch?Sparrow? Woodpecker? Warbler? But Darwin found… a lot of finches Large Ground Finch Small Ground Finch Warbler FinchVeg. Tree Finch But there is only one species of finch on the mainland! How did one species of finches become so many different species now?

18. Tree Thinking Large-seed eater?Small-seed eater? Warbler?Leaf-browser? Large Ground Finch Small Ground Finch Warbler Finch Veg. Tree Finch Ancestral species Descendant species

19. Correlation of species to food source Adaptive radiation Seed eaters Flower eaters Insect eaters Rapid speciation: new species filling new niches, because they inherited successful adaptations.

20. Warbler finch Woodpecker finch Small insectivorous tree finch Large insectivorous tree finch Vegetarian tree finch Cactus finch Sharp-beaked finch Small ground finch Medium ground finch Large ground finch Insect eaters Bud eater Seed eaters Cactus eater Warbler finch Tree finches Ground finches Darwin’s finches Differences in beaks – associated with eating different foods – survival & reproduction of beneficial adaptations to foods available on islands

21. Darwin’s finches Darwin’s conclusions – small populations of original South American finches landed on islands variation in beaks enabled individuals to gather food successfully in the different environments – over many generations, the populations of finches changed anatomically & behaviorally accumulation of advantageous traits in population emergence of different species

22. Seeing this gradation & diversity of structure in one small, intimately related group of birds, one might really fancy that from an original paucity of birds in this archipelago, one species has been taken & modified for different ends.

23. Differences in beaks allowed some finches to… – successfully compete – successfully feed – successfully reproduce pass successful traits onto their offspring Darwin’s finches

24. Correlation of species to food source Whoa, Turtles, too! More observations…

25. Many islands also show distinct local variations in tortoise morphology… …perhaps these are the first steps in the splitting of one species into several?

26. This is not just a process of the past… It is all around us today Artificial selection