1. Chapter 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Section 1: The First Texans Main Ideas Historians organize the past into eras to make their studies more manageable. Anthropologists and archaeologists study the remains of early cultures to learn about the first Texans.

2. Chapter 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Main Idea 1: Historians organize the past into eras to make their studies more manageable. Eras in Texas History Natural Texas and Its People Texas in the Civil War and Reconstruction Age of Contact Cotton, Cattle, and Railroads Spanish Colonial Period Age of Oil Mexican National Period Texas in the Great Depression and World War II Revolution and Republic Civil Rights and Conservatism Early Statehood Contemporary Texas

3. Chapter 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Main Idea 2: Anthropologists and archaeologists study the remains of early cultures to learn about the first Texans. Scholars and the First Texans First Texans lived in Texas some 12,000 years ago Culture developed in response to environment Artifacts – arrowheads, axes, choppers Drew or carved pictures on cave walls – images show important events, such as wars

4. Chapter 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Section 2: The Western Gulf Culture Area Main Ideas The Karankawas, who lived along the Gulf Coast, hunted and gathered plants to survive. The Coahuiltecans lived in dry southern Texas.

5. Chapter 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Main Idea 1: The Karankawas, who lived along the Gulf Coast, hunted and gathered plants to survive. The Karankawas Lived in the Gulf Coastal Plain Were nomadic hunter-gatherers Wore deerskin clothing Painted their bodies

6. Chapter 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Main Idea 2: The Coahuiltecans lived in dry southern Texas. The Coahuiltecans Survived in a Dry Climate Hunted and gathered food; fished Moved around often Wore little clothing Lived in easy-to-move huts

7. Chapter 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Section 3: The Southeastern Culture Area Main Ideas The Caddos of East Texas were advanced farmers. The Wichitas hunted and farmed to survive. Atapaka settlements developed differently based on their locations.

8. Chapter 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Main Idea 1: The Caddos of East Texas were advanced farmers. Caddo Culture Lived in Piney Woods Large population with permanent villages Expert farmers, hunted, and fished Matrilineal society with specialization of tasks Built temples and mounds, made pottery, and used tools Dwellings made of wooden poles covered with grass Painted their bodies

9. Chapter 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Main Idea 2: The Wichitas hunted and farmed to survive. Witchita Confederacy Included four groups – Wacos, Taovayas, Tawakonis, Witchitas Lived in permanent villages Tattooed their bodies Farmed and hunted buffalo

10. Chapter 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Main Idea 3: Atapaka settlements developed differently based on their locations. Home of the Atakapas and Effect on Their Culture Lived between the Caddos and the Gulf of Mexico Fished and farmed Hunted European diseases took heavy toll on population Little remains left of the Atakapa culture

11. Chapter 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Section 4: The Pueblo Culture Area Main Ideas Some Jumanos were farmers who lived in villages, while others roamed the plains hunting buffalo. Disease, drought, and attacks ended Jumano culture.

12. Chapter 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Main Idea 1: Some Jumanos were farmers who lived in villages, while others roamed the plains hunting buffalo. Jumanos Survived in the Rio Grande Area Migrated to the area following the buffalo Survived by irrigating crops, gathering wild plants, hunted buffalo, traded

13. Chapter 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Main Idea 2: Disease, drought, and attacks ended Jumano culture. Problems of the Jumanos Drought Disease as a result of the arrival of the Spanish Apache raids

14. Chapter 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Section 5: The Plains Culture Area Main Ideas Plains Indians, including the Tonkawas, hunted buffalo. The Apaches, Comanches, and Kiowas were fierce warrior groups in Texas.

15. Chapter 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Main Idea 1: Plains Indians, including the Tonkawas, hunted buffalo. Effects of the Horse on the Plains Indians Became nomadic Enhanced ability to hunt and follow the buffalo Enabled them to fight and raid Led to loss of hunting grounds

16. Chapter 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Texas History Main Idea 2: The Apaches, Comanches, and Kiowas were fierce warrior groups in Texas. Common Aspects of Plains Indian Culture Hunted and depended on the buffalo Followed buffalo herds Lived in tepees