1. B e h a v i o r a n d A t t i t u d e s Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display © KidStock/Blend Images/Corbis RF

2. Attitude Favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3. How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Behavior? People’s expressed attitudes hardly predicted their varying behaviors Student attitudes toward cheating bore little relation to the likelihood of their cheating Attitudes toward the church were only modestly linked with worship attendance on any given Sunday Self-described racial attitudes provided little clue to behaviors in actual situations Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4. How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Behavior? When Attitudes Predict Behavior When social influences on what we say are minimal Implicit Implicit association test (IAT) Implicit biases are pervasive People differ in implicit bias People are often unaware of their implicit biases Explicit When other influences on behavior are minimal Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5. How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Behavior? When Attitudes Are Specific to the Behavior When attitudes specific to the behavior are examined When attitudes are Potent Bringing Attitudes to Mind Forging Strong Attitudes Through Experience Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

6. When Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes? Role Playing Role Set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave Philip Zimbardo’s Stanford’s prison study Abu Ghraib controversy Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

7. When Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes? When Saying Becomes Believing When there is no compelling external explanation for one’s words, saying becomes believing Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

8. When Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes? Evil and Moral Acts Wartime Actions and attitudes feed on each other When evil behavior occurs we tend to justify it as right Peacetime Moral action, especially when chosen rather than coerced, affects moral thinking Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

9. When Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes? Interracial Behavior and Racial Attitudes Racial behaviors help shape our social consciousness By doing, not saying racial attitudes were changed Legislating morality Social Movements Political and social movements may legislate behavior designed to lead to attitude change on a mass scale Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

10. Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes? Self-Presentation: Impression Management Assumes that people, especially those who self-monitor their behavior hoping to create good impressions, will adapt their attitude reports to appear consistent with their actions Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11. Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes? Self-Justification: Cognitive Dissonance Tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions To reduce this tension, we adjust our thinking Insufficient justification Reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one’s behavior when external justification is “insufficient” Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

12. Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes? Self-Justification: Cognitive Dissonance Dissonance after decisions Deciding-becomes-believing effect Can breed overconfidence Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

13. Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes? Self-Perception Theory When we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them much as would someone observing us, by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs Expressions and attitude Overjustification and intrinsic motivations Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

14. Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes? Comparing the Theories Dissonance Theory Self-Perception Theory Dissonance as Arousal Self-Perceiving when Not Self-Contradicting Changing Ourselves Through Action Copyright 2016 © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.