1. 1 Trends in Software for large astronomy projects G.Chiozzi, A.Wallander – ESO, Germany K.Gillies – Gemini Observatory, La Serena, Chile B.Goodrich, S.Wampler - National Solar Observatory, Tucson, AZ J.Johnson, K.McCann – W.M.Keck Observatory, Kamuela, HI G.Schumacher – National Optical Astronomy Observatories, La Serena, Chile D.Silva – AURA/Thirty Meter Telescope, Pasadena, CA

2. 2 Aspects analyzed Timeline Timeline Challenges Challenges Architecture Architecture Frameworks Frameworks Development methodologies Development methodologies Technological implementation Technological implementation HW platforms HW platforms Operating systems Operating systems Programming languages Programming languages User Interfaces. User Interfaces.

3. 3 Timeline 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1995 VLT/VLTI Gemini N/S Keck ALMA LSST ATST E-ELT TMT

4. 4 Challenges of new projects Synchronized multiple distributed control loops (wave front control) Synchronized multiple distributed control loops (wave front control) Multi-level off-loading schemes Multi-level off-loading schemes Fault detection, isolation and recovery (E-ELT M1: 1000 segments with actuators and sensors) Fault detection, isolation and recovery (E-ELT M1: 1000 segments with actuators and sensors) Operational efficiency (TMT requirement: on target in <5 minutes). Operational efficiency (TMT requirement: on target in <5 minutes).

5. 5 Architecture All major facilities in operation: three-tier architecture All major facilities in operation: three-tier architecture High-level coordination systems High-level coordination systems Low-level real time control computers (LCUs) Low-level real time control computers (LCUs) Devices with limited degree of intelligence Devices with limited degree of intelligence Fairly independent sub-systems: slow correction offloading Fairly independent sub-systems: slow correction offloading Wave front control (adaptive optics and interferometry) introduces new requirements: Wave front control (adaptive optics and interferometry) introduces new requirements: Distributed real time synchronization and feedback Distributed real time synchronization and feedback Significant physical separation Significant physical separation Systems of systems, often heterogeneous Systems of systems, often heterogeneous LCUs role is eroded on both sides. LCUs role is eroded on both sides.

6. 6 Frameworks A uniform software framework has a value in simplifying development and maintenance A uniform software framework has a value in simplifying development and maintenance Frameworks adopted: Keck and Gemini: EPICS, RTC ESO Paranal and La Silla: VLT CCS ALMA and other projects: ACS ATST: ATSTCS Common services: Connection Event Command Logging Persistent store Error handling Isolate application from middleware providing a layer of common services Isolate application from middleware providing a layer of common services Separation between technical and functional architecture now formally adopted. Separation between technical and functional architecture now formally adopted. Component based architectures emerged as particularly useful in distributed systems Component based architectures emerged as particularly useful in distributed systems Sharing the technical framework would allow sharing functional components. Sharing the technical framework would allow sharing functional components.

7. 7 Development methodologies and modeling techniques Our constraints: Our constraints: Multi-year observatory design periods Multi-year observatory design periods Review structure and process imposed by funding agencies is oriented to a waterfall approach Review structure and process imposed by funding agencies is oriented to a waterfall approach Floating requirements Floating requirements Methodology evolution: Methodology evolution: Mid ’80s/ mid ‘90s: Structured programming Mid ’80s/ mid ‘90s: Structured programming Mid ’90s/ beginning 2000: Object Oriented and UML (pragmatic approach) Mid ’90s/ beginning 2000: Object Oriented and UML (pragmatic approach) Now: SysML, agile methodologies: Now: SysML, agile methodologies: Requirement management and traceability Requirement management and traceability Integration in a coherent system model as seen from different disciplines. Integration in a coherent system model as seen from different disciplines.

8. 8 Hardware platforms In most existing observatories: In most existing observatories: High level coordination → general purpose WS High level coordination → general purpose WS Real time → Local Control Units (often VME) Real time → Local Control Units (often VME) Devices attached directly to VMEs Devices attached directly to VMEs Many more options are available now: Many more options are available now: High level coordination → Personal Computers High level coordination → Personal Computers (Soft) Real time → PC with real time OS (Soft) Real time → PC with real time OS Intelligent devices on ETH or industrial buses (CAN) Intelligent devices on ETH or industrial buses (CAN) (Hard) Real time → DSPs and FPGAs (Hard) Real time → DSPs and FPGAs Clusters for raw computing power Clusters for raw computing power Virtualization under evaluation. Trend for the future?. Virtualization under evaluation. Trend for the future?.

9. 9 Operating systems The 1990s The 1990s Proprietary UNIX Proprietary UNIX Proprietary RTOS (VxWorks dominating) Proprietary RTOS (VxWorks dominating) The turn of the century: open source The turn of the century: open source Linux Linux Real Time Linux Real Time Linux And now? And now? Questioning Linux Questioning Linux Solaris re-emerging Solaris re-emerging Open source to stay (Solaris) Open source to stay (Solaris) MsWindows (and OPC)? MsWindows (and OPC)? Other players? Other players? OS neutrality Real time Java QNX LabVIEW and LabView-RT PLCs. FPGAs and DSPs.

10. 10 Programming Languages The core language(s): The core language(s): Mid ’80s/ mid ‘90s: C domination Mid ’80s/ mid ‘90s: C domination Mid ’90s/ beginning 2000: C++ takeover Mid ’90s/ beginning 2000: C++ takeover Now: Java explosion, C++ decline, C holds Now: Java explosion, C++ decline, C holds Language Keck VLT C251050246738 C++084400 Capfast1301160 Tcl/Tk940881657 Others11814464136 Total508718476931 The glue: from Tcl/Tk to Python and over The glue: from Tcl/Tk to Python and over LabVIEW’s role growing LabVIEW’s role growing We have to cope with: We have to cope with: Different languages for different purposes Different languages for different purposes Highly distributed systems. Highly distributed systems.

11. 11 User Interface A challenging area. Growing complexity. A challenging area. Growing complexity. We are comfortable with Engineering UI development We are comfortable with Engineering UI development We do not have skills for good Operator UIs We do not have skills for good Operator UIs Java and Tcl/Tk the most used. Java and Tcl/Tk the most used. GUI builders are not adequate GUI builders are not adequate Rapid prototyping: necessary, but with a dark side Rapid prototyping: necessary, but with a dark side We cannot afford specialized UI development teams. We cannot afford specialized UI development teams.

12. 12 Conclusion New facilities are NOT scaled up versions of existing ones. Paradigm changes may be required Analysis of control system evolution in observatories is on-going Analysis of control system evolution in observatories is on-going We have identified clear common trends We have identified clear common trends We aim at: We aim at: Sharing lessons learned Sharing lessons learned Identifying areas for cooperation Identifying areas for cooperation Sharing architectural elements and infrastructure Sharing architectural elements and infrastructure Cooperation is made easier by international collaborations and the open source movement. Cooperation is made easier by international collaborations and the open source movement.

13. 13 Questions?ESO www.eso.orgwww.eso.org – Email: gchiozzi@eso.org gchiozzi@eso.org www.eso.orggchiozzi@eso.org W.M.Keck Observatory http://www.keckobservatory.org Gemini Observatory http://www.gemini.edu ALMAhttp://www.alma.cl ATSThttp://atst.nso.edu LSSThttp://www.lsst.org Thirty Meter Telescope http://www.tmt.org Web Links The authors represent just a subset of the projects in astronomy. Many more colleagues in the astronomical observatory community have given their ideas and time as we have developed this paper.