2. Mini Quiz
1. Behaviorists believe that all of the important causes of behavior can be found in an individual's
a. unconscious mind.
b. conscious mind.
c. personality traits.
d. environment.

3. Mini Quiz 2. Behaviorism has its philosophical roots in
a. associationism.
b. empiricism.
c. hedonism.
d. all of the above

4. Mini Quiz
3. It has been suggested that chronic anxiety is the result of
a. pairing a primary reinforcer with a punisher.
b. the law of effect.
c. repeated exposure to stimuli that are unpredictable and random.
d. second-order conditioning and stimulus generalization.

5. Mini Quiz
4. When the presentation of a balloon is frequently preceded by the a loud sound, this will likely make one
a. salivate.
b. flinch at the sight of a balloon.
c. show no response to a balloon.
d. start to enjoy loud noises.

6. Mini Quiz 5. Test 2 was ____ than test 1. a. easier. b. harder.
c. about the same.

7. Theories Dollard and Miller’s Social Learning Theory
Rotter’s Social Learning Theory
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

9. Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
Very similar to Rotter

10. Example
Your computer skills

11. Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
Efficacy Expectation
Like Rotter’s expectancies, but different
Rotter
The perceived probability that if you do something you will attain your goal
Bandura
The perceived probability that you can just do something

12. Efficacy Expectations
Do you think you can touch this snake?
High efficacy
You can do it!
Low efficacy
You can not do it!

13. Efficacy Expectations
A belief about self
What a person thinks they are capable of doing
Best psychological state is a match between
What a person thinks they can do
What a person can actually do

14. Example
Do you like math?
Why?
“Girls are bad at math”

15. Example Increase her efficacy!
How do you increase a girl’s confidence in math?
1) Show her other girls doing math
2) Have her do it herself to show her she can do math!
Increase her efficacy!

16. Observation Learning Vicarious / observational learning
Bobo Doll studies
Children saw either
A) doll attacked
B) doll not attacked

17. Observation Learning Children who saw doll attacked
All attacked Bobo
Children who did not see doll attacked
None attacked Bobo
Reinforcement or punishment of model also effected children’s behavior

18. Group Activity
List skills and habits you have learned from your parents and the media through observational learning
How did the behaviors become modeled.

19. Beyond Bobo What do we model? Physical appearance “Math is hard”
“Physical appearance is important”
“Relationships are chaotic”
“Your mind is important”
“You can do math”

20. Reciprocal Determinism
When you go home to your family – what happens?
Do you think the environment changes?
You shape your own environment!

21. Reciprocal Determinism
Self
Your presence alters your environment
Your personality alters your behavior
Your environment shapes your personality
How you behave alters your personality (especially your perception)
Your behavior alters your environment
Environment
Behavior
Your environment alters your behavior (Behaviorism)

22. Reciprocal Determinism
Behaviorism
Only looks at how the environment alters your behaviors
Bandura also emphasizes how our behavior shape our environment

25. Group Activity 1) Memory experiment
2) Personality perception experiment

26. Words

27. stubborn
recklessness

28. Words

29. persistent
adventurous

30. Experiment #1 Write down
a) the word that comes AFTER one of your words
b) the word that comes BEFORE one of your words

31. Little
Cat
Run
Sky
Dog
Track
Ball
Kite
Talk
Wind
Lake
Sun
Hike
Mile

32. Little
Cat
Run
Sky
Dog
Track
Ball
Kite
Talk
Adventurous
Stubborn
Sun
Hike
Mile

33. End of Experiment #1 Write down
a) the word that came AFTER one of your words
b) the word that came BEFORE one of your words

34. Experiment #2
Personality Perception

35. Donald spent a great amount of his time in search of what he liked to call excitement. He had already climbed Mt. McKinley, shot the Colorado rapids in a kayak, driven in a demolition derby, and piloted a jet-powered boat – without knowing very much about boats. He had risked injury, and even death, a number of times. Now he was in search of new excitement. He was thinking, perhaps, he would so some skydiving or maybe cross the Atlantic in sailboat. By the way he acted one could readily guess that Donald was well aware of his ability to do many things well. Other than business engagements, Donald’s contacts with people were rather limited. He felt he didn’t really need to rely on anyone. Once Donald made up his mind to do something it was as good as done no matter how long it might take or difficult the going might be. Only rarely did he change his mind even when it might well have been better if he had.

36. Personality Perception
Write 2-3 sentences of your general impression of Donald
On a scale of 1 – 10 rate Donald
(1 = did not like; 5 = Neutral; 10 = Like very much)

38. Cognitive Processes and Personality

39. Cognitive Processes and Personality
How thoughts influence our personality
Our perceptions of the world
Our perceptions of ourselves
The goals we set

40. Cognitive Processes and Personality
How thoughts influence our personality
Perceptual processes
Self processes
Strategic and motivational processes

41. Perceptual Processes
“For some the world is a hostile place where men are evil and dangerous; for others it is a stage for fun and frolic.”

42. Perceptual Processes Group Activity Why?
Are your perceptions of the world accurate?
Why do some people perceive the world differently?

43. Perceptual Processes Priming Environment
The more often one perceives something, the more likely that something is to come to mind
Environment
Parents (honesty, fearless, etc.)
Television (violence)

44. How did you see Donald?
Imagine you always encountered issues surrounding:
“stubborn / recklessness” OR
“persistent / adventurous ”

46. “network” is activated
Perceptual Processes
Exposure to negative words
External World
Priming
“negative network”
“network” is activated
See others as negative
Perceptions of World

48. Scenarios
Pretend that you are standing on the playground playing catch with a bunch of kids. You throw the ball to another kid and the kid catches it. You turn around, and the next thing you realize is that the kid has thrown the ball and hit you in the middle of your back. The ball hit you hard and it hurts a lot.

49. Question Why did the child / children do this?
Do you think the child / children were trying to be mean or not trying to be mean?
What would you do next?

50. Scenarios
Imagine that you are looking for your friend on the playground. You can’t wait to find your friend because you have an important secret to share. By the time you find your friend, your friend is already playing with someone else – a kid you don’t like very much.

51. Question Why did the child / children do this?
Do you think the child / children were trying to be mean or not trying to be mean?
What would you do next?

52. Once in a while I can’t control the urge to strike another person.
Given enough provocation, I may hit another person.
If somebody hits me, I hit back.
I get into fights a little more than the average person.
If I have to resort to violence to protect my rights, I will.
There are people who pushed me so far that we came to blows.
I have threatened people I know.
I have become so mad that I have broken things.
I often find myself disagreeing with people.
When people annoy me, I may tell them what I think.
I can’t help getting into arguments when people disagree with me.
My friends say that I am somewhat argumentative.
When frustrated, I let my irritation show.
Some of my friends think I am a hothead.
I sometimes feel like a powder keg ready to explode.
Sometimes I fly of the handle for no good reason
I have trouble controlling my temper

54. “network” is activated
Perceptual Processes
“aggressive network”
“network” is activated
See others as aggressive
Perceptions of World

55. Why are some people aggressive?
How they see the world!

56. Comic Books 249 students read either 1) Violent comic books
2) Nonviolent comic books

57. Violent Comic Books

60. Non-Violent Comic Books

63. Scenarios
Pretend you’re walking outside and you’re wearing your new tennis shoes. You really like your new shoes and it’s the first day that you have worn them. Suddenly, you are bumped from behind by another kid. You stumble and fall into a puddle and your new shoes get muddy.

64. Question Why did the child / children do this?
Do you think the child / children were trying to be mean or not trying to be mean?
What would you do next?

65. Scenarios
Imagine that you are at lunch one day and looking for a place to sit. You see some kids you know at a table across the room. The kids are laughing and talking to each other, and they look like they are having a good time. You walk over to their table. As soon as you sit down, the kids stop talking and no one says anything to you.

66. Question Why did the child / children do this?
Do you think the child / children were trying to be mean or not trying to be mean?
What would you do next?

68. “network” is activated
Perceptual Processes
Exposure to aggressive stimuli
External World
Priming
“aggressive network”
“network” is activated
See others as aggressive
Perceptions of World

70. Questionnaire

71. Questionnaire To score: Each question multiply
The “concern” answer
The reverse of the “expect” answer
1=6
2=5
3=4
4=3
5=2
6=1
Thus, high scores = you are concerned and don’t expect something to happen

72. Rejection Sensitivity
Why are some people always jealous?
How they see the world!

73. Rejection Sensitivity
For some people cues about rejection are more “accessible” than for others
They are “primed” for rejection cues
Face
Small disagreement
Accidents
Can be a self-fulfilling prophecy

74. “network” is activated
Perceptual Processes
Exposure to jealous stimuli
External World
Priming
“jealous network”
“network” is activated
See others as cheaters
Perceptions of World

76. Group Activity

77. What do you do at McDonalds?

78. What do you do on a first date?

79. What do you do on the first day of class?

80. How do you know? Schema “Who are you?” Self Schema Organizes knowledge
“Script”
“Who are you?”
Self Schema
The cognitive structure that is made up of ideas about the self.

81. Group Activity Who are you? Why do you think this?
Nice, extraverted, etc.?
Why do you think this?
Memories of past occasions?
What if you lost your memory? How would you perceive your personality?

82. Case Study W.J. Female college student
Head injury caused her to lose all memories of her past behavior

83. Case Study When asked to report her personality
Agreed with
Friends reports
Parents reports
She could even describe how her personality had changed since the accident
Conclusion: Your self knowledge exists independently of your behavioral memories!

84. Measuring Self-Schema
_____1. I regularly tells jokes and funny stories when in a group.
_____2. People usually laugh when I tell a joke or story.
_____3. I have a good memory for jokes or funny stories.
_____4. I can be funny without having to rehearse a joke.
_____5. Being funny is a natural communication style for me.
_____6. I can tell a joke well.
_____7. People always ask me to tell stories.
_____8. Friends would say that I am a funny person.
_____9. People pay close attention when I tell a joke.
_____10. Even unfunny jokes seem entertaining when I tell them.
_____11. I can easily remember jokes and stories.
_____12. I always tell jokes and stories when asked to.
_____13. I can tell stories and jokes very well.
_____14. Of all the people I know, I am the funniest.
_____15. I use humor to communicate in a variety of situations.

85. Measuring Self-Schema
Humor Schema
High scores = schematic on this dimension
Low scores = aschematic on this dimension
Results
Schematic individuals
Tend to behave in a humor manor / tell jokes better
Judge others in terms of humor

86. Self-Schema Schematic individuals are “experts” on the dimension
Experts (in any area) tend to
Remember relevant information about domain
See world in terms of the domain
Can automatically respond to issues related to the domain