1. Dynamic Andromeda: Novae and Variable Stars in M31 Yi Cao 2 nd year graduate at Caltech On Behalf of the Palomar Transient Factory collaboration

2. Outline Novae R Coronae Borealis stars 1 (Credit: P. Nugent) Yi Cao / Tsinghua Transient WorkshopNov 6, 2012

3. Summary of PTF M31 Surveys 2 Filter: R or g Exp. Time: 60 sec Field of View: 7.2 deg 2 Limiting mag: 20 Cadence: 10min-1d Epochs: 1400 Yi Cao / Tsinghua Transient WorkshopNov 6, 2012

4. Phase Space of Cosmic Explosions 3 (Kasliwal, 2011, PhD Thesis) Yi Cao / Tsinghua Transient WorkshopNov 6, 2012

5. Nova Explosion Mechanism 4 Periodic explosions in some white dwarf binary systems Yi Cao / Tsinghua Transient WorkshopNov 6, 2012

6. Nova light curves: diversity 5 (Cao et al. 2012) Vega mag: Red: R (PTF) Blue: B Green: g AB mag: Purple: NUV Time (days) magnitude Yi Cao / Tsinghua Transient WorkshopNov 6, 2012

7. 6 (Cao et al. 2012) Vega mag: Red: R (PTF) Blue: B Green: g AB mag: Purple: NUV Time (days) magnitude Nova light curves: diversity Yi Cao / Tsinghua Transient WorkshopNov 6, 2012

8. Nova light curves: diversity 7 (Cao et al. 2012) Vega mag: Red: R (PTF) Blue: B Green: g AB mag: Purple: NUV Time (days) magnitude Yi Cao / Tsinghua Transient WorkshopNov 6, 2012

9. Nova light curves: “MMRD” Relation 8 (Cao et al. 2012)(Kasliwal et al. 2011) Yi Cao / Tsinghua Transient WorkshopNov 6, 2012

10. R Coronae Borealis stars Nov 6, 2012Yi Cao / Tsinghua Transient Workshop9

11. R Cor Bor Stars outside the Milky Way and Magellanic Clouds 10Yi Cao / Tsinghua Transient WorkshopNov 6, 2012 (Tang, Cao et al. in prep.)

12. Summary Novae show diverse photometry evolution, which implies rich explosion mechanisms. There is a subclass of novae that do not obey empirical “MMRD” relation. Systematical search for M31 RCB stars will help determine their rate and improve our understanding of white dwarf binaries. 11Yi Cao / Tsinghua Transient WorkshopNov 6, 2012

13. Beyond Palomar Transient Factory Yi Cao On Behalf of collaboration of iPTF and ZTF

14. PTF Cadence: 5 day to 3 day to 2 day Oct 31, 201213 July 2009: Commissioned Rest of 2009: Station Fire Year 2010 Cadence of 5 day + 1 day (twice a night) Early 2011: 1000+ SN mark Year 2011: Cadence of 3 day + 1 day (twice a night) Year 2012: Cadence of 2 day only (twice a night) 1 day 5 day to 3 day

15. 14Yi Cao / Tsinghua Transient WorkshopNov 6, 2012  Palomar Transient Factory

16. Fast cadence Orphan GRB Shock breakout of core-collapse supernovae Infant Type Ia supernova The unanticipated 15Yi Cao / Tsinghua Transient WorkshopNov 6, 2012

17. “Orphan” Afterglow of GRB? Yi Cao / Tsinghua Transient Workshop16 Cenko et al. 2012, submitted Nov 6, 2012

18. Robo-AO (PI: Barenec) (S. Tendulkar’s Thesis Project) Electronics Rack Cassegrain Instrument Laser Projector 1.5-m telescope Robo-AO Fully-automated AO system UV laser beacon Visible + NIR observations Rapid response: < 60 s overhead Performance 44” FoV 0.11” FWHM in r’ band 16 mag tip-tilt star ~20% z’ band Strehl Caltech, USA & IUCAA, India 17Yi Cao / Tsinghua Transient WorkshopNov 6, 2012

19. Robo-AO 2 “ One Robo-AO night! Transient response – TDF vs central SN – Progenitor location – Resolved photometry Large Surveys (Area + Time) –Stellar + asteroid multiplicity –Kepler Planet Candidates 18Yi Cao / Tsinghua Transient WorkshopNov 6, 2012

20. SED Machine (PI: Konidaris) (Grad. student: S. Ben Ami) 19Yi Cao / Tsinghua Transient WorkshopNov 6, 2012

21. SED Machine Robotic Spectroscopy 20

22. Software: Automatic Classifier 21Yi Cao / Tsinghua Transient WorkshopNov 6, 2012

23. iPTF P48 survey telescope + P60 SED machine + P60 Robo-AO + P200 follow-up Start from 2013 Big focus on supernovae: – Early discovery of SN Ia (Yi Cao’s thesis project) – Shock breakout of Core-collapse SNe Nov 6, 2012Yi Cao / Tsinghua Transient Workshop22

24. The new Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) will find rare fast transients beginning in 2015. PTFZTF Active Area7.26 deg 2 35 deg 2 Readout time36 sec10 sec Relative Survey Rate1x6x FiltersMould R, g’ r’, g’ New ZTF camera: 12 6k x 6k e2v CCDs Existing PTF camera MOSAIC 12k 23

25. The Zwicky Transient Facility P48 Discovery: 35 sq deg! PI: S. Kulkarni P60: Follow-Up The SED Machine PI: N. Konidaris P200: Spectroscopy