1. IN THE MODERN ERA 1 Chapter 6 THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Pgs: 192-217

2. IN THE MODERN ERA 2  This was the beginning of the 2 nd Industrial Revolution. This Revolution began with numerous discoveries and inventions that significantly changed manufacturing, transportation and everyday life in America. Section 1: The Age of Invention

3. IN THE MODERN ERA 3  1865-1905 = during these years the U.S. experienced a surge of industrial growth  (buildings, factories, jobs, etc.). Section 1: The Age of Invention

4. IN THE MODERN ERA 4 Oil refining  resulted in the production of kerosene for fuel and light  allowed the manufacturing of other petroleum products  helped machinery operate  Makes the world go round Section 1: The Age of Invention

5. IN THE MODERN ERA 5 Why is it called the 2 nd ?  The 1 st Industrial Revolution in the U.S. was because of coal and steam. Coal was the fuel that produced the steam engines that powered the first factories that in turn produced goods that generated economic growth. COAL STEAM ENGINES COAL STEAM ENGINES FACTORIES GOODS ECOMINIC GROWTH! Section 1: The Age of Invention

6. IN THE MODERN ERA 6 Why did the 2 nd occur?  In the late 1800’s an abundance of steel and oil helped spur a 2 nd period of industrialization.  Steel made machines that mass produced goods. Steel also built railroad tracks, bridges and tall city buildings.  The symbol of the 2 nd revolution was the factory. Business as well as American lives changed for the good and bad. Section 1: The Age of Invention

7. IN THE MODERN ERA 7Steel  First, the Bessemer process was invented: Henry Bessemer developed a method that could produce more steel in one day than the older techniques could turn out in one week. Section 1: The Age of Invention

8. IN THE MODERN ERA 8  An American engineer adapted this process; steel production skyrocketed from 15,000 tons in 1865 to more than 28 million tons by 1910.  Major centers for steel production: Gary, Indiana, Cleveland, and Pittsburgh.  What happened to these cities when we started to use foreign steel? Section 1: The Age of Invention

9. IN THE MODERN ERA 9  provided a strong, cheap source of building material  allowed expansion of the railroad industry  allowed construction of more complex machines and taller buildings Section 1: The Age of Invention Steel refining

10. IN THE MODERN ERA 10 Transportation innovations  Railroads promoted western settlement, urban growth, and economic prosperity.  Automobiles became a substantial industry.  Airplanes introduced new possibilities. Section 1: The Age of Invention

11. IN THE MODERN ERA 11 Communications innovations  The telegraph allowed businesses to place long-distance orders quickly.  The telephone brought both businesses and individuals together.  The typewriter allowed the quick production of legible documents. Section 1: The Age of Invention

12. IN THE MODERN ERA 12Oil  Refining oil was significant to the 2 nd industrial revolution as well.  Edwin L. Drake used a steam engine to drill for oil. This seemed so impossible that people that Drake was insane (Drake’s Folly). Section 1: The Age of Invention

13. IN THE MODERN ERA 13  He was successful though and was soon producing 20 barrels a day. This created a rush to western Pennsylvania where the oil was being found. Everyone wanted to make money on oil. It became known as “Black Gold.”

14. IN THE MODERN ERA 14 Refining processes in the U.S. Steel Effects on Industry  Provided a strong inexpensive source of building material  Allowed the expansion of the railroad industry  Allowed the construction of sophisticated bridges, tall buildings, etc. Oil Effects on Industry  Resulted in the production of kerosene for fuel or light  Allowed the manufacturing of other important industrial petroleum products  Helped machinery operate. Section 1: The Age of Invention

15. IN THE MODERN ERA 15 Transportation expands RailroadsAirplanesAutomobiles

16. IN THE MODERN ERA 16 Communication expands TelegraphTelephoneTypewriter

17. IN THE MODERN ERA 17 Thomas Edison’s research lab.  the light bulb  the phonograph (early record player)  early motion-picture camera Section 1: The Age of Invention

18. IN THE MODERN ERA 18 2: Rise of Big Business (201-08)  The U.S. operated under CAPITALISM. (private business ran most industries, and competition determines how much goods cost and workers are paid). Section 1: The Age of Invention

19. IN THE MODERN ERA 19  “Laissez-faire” capitalism was adopted by many; meaning “to let people do as they choose” without government interfering. Also sometimes called free enterprise. Government kept its hands off business! Section 1: The Age of Invention

20. IN THE MODERN ERA 20 Concerning government’s role in business  Business leaders: Individuals should be self-reliant.Individuals should be self-reliant. Businesses prosper most without government interference.Businesses prosper most without government interference. Government interference reduces self- reliance.Government interference reduces self- reliance. Section 2: The Rise of Big Business

21. IN THE MODERN ERA 21  Social critics: Factory life and poor working conditions harm workers.Factory life and poor working conditions harm workers. All citizens should own all means of production.All citizens should own all means of production. Government assistance would prevent the best businesses from rising to the top.Government assistance would prevent the best businesses from rising to the top. Section 2: The Rise of Big Business

22. IN THE MODERN ERA 22 Arguments of Government’s Role in Business: Business leaders argued:  Individuals should be self-reliant.  Businesses prosper most w/o government interference.  Government interference reduces self-reliance. Society argued:  Factory life and poor working conditions are harmful.  Citizens should own all means of production.  Government assistance would prevent the best businesses from rising to the top.

23. IN THE MODERN ERA 23 Three main theories were argued through the U.S.:  Free enterprise or Laissez faire (Business liked).  Communism – individuals ownership of property should not be allowed. Government owned and controlled everything (Workers liked).  Social Darwinism- the theory of natural selection of nature. The most strong and fit will survive (Business leaders liked)

24. IN THE MODERN ERA 24 Business won out for the time being  The Corporation was created: business leaders sell shares in company (stock) to Americans. Those that buy stock own a share of the company.  Corporations had many advantages over partnerships and family owned companies, most important being they could make more $ with selling stocks.  From this trusts and monopolies were formed

25. IN THE MODERN ERA 25 Entrepreneurs take advantage  Carnegie created corporations and used vertical integration to dominate the steel industry.  Rockefeller created corporations and used horizontal integration to dominate the oil industry.  Vanderbilt bought and consolidated many railroad lines.  Westinghouse and Pullman introduced and controlled new railroad technologies. EXAMPLES DO NOT COPY

26. IN THE MODERN ERA 26 New marketing methods  use of brand names and special packaging  Advertising  department stores  Catalogs  chain stores Section 2: The Rise of Big Business

27. IN THE MODERN ERA 27 3: Labor Strives to Organize pgs. 209-15 The Banning of Trusts:  Desired because believed that without competition large monopolies would have no reason to maintain quality or keep prices low.  This was not yet accomplished despite the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act which outlawed monopolies and trusts. Business leaders were too strong.

28. IN THE MODERN ERA 28 Working conditions  low pay  long hours  unsafe environments  possibility of racial discrimination Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize

29. IN THE MODERN ERA 29 The Knights of Labor  included both skilled and unskilled workers  included women and, later, African Americans  organized strikes, marches, and demonstrations  educated and organized workers Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize

30. IN THE MODERN ERA 30 Strikes in the late 1800’s  Businesses responded with blacklists, yellow-dog contracts, lockouts and violence.  Businesses tactics hurt many unions and caused skilled workers to break away from unskilled ones to form their own unions (American Federation of Labor)  1886 – became known as the Great Upheaval because of all the strikes and violence that year. Haymarket RiotHaymarket Riot