1. Properties of Sound – Chapter 14

4. Sound Frequency Infrasonic Below 20 Hz
Audible Range 20 Hz to Hz
Ultrasonic Above 20 kHz
Bats can detect frequencies as high as Hz.
Dolphins can detect frequencies as high as Hz.
Elephants possesses the unusual ability to detect infrasound, having an audible range from approximately 5 Hz to approximately Hz.

5. Pitch and Frequency
The sensation of a frequencies is commonly referred to as the pitch of a sound.
A high pitch sound corresponds to a high frequency sound wave
A low pitch sound corresponds to a low frequency sound wave.

6. Example 1
Two notes which have a frequency ratio of 2:1 are said to be separated by an octave. A frequency which is separated by an octave from middle C (256 Hz) is
a. 128 Hz
b. 254 Hz
c. 258 Hz
d. 345 Hz
e. none of these

7. Example 1
Two notes which have a frequency ratio of 2:1 are said to be separated by an octave. A frequency which is separated by an octave from middle C (256 Hz) is
a. 128 Hz
b. 254 Hz
c. 258 Hz
d. 345 Hz
e. none of these
Two notes separated by an octave have a frequency ration of 2:1. If a note is one octave below 256 Hz, then it must have one-half the frequency.

8. Sound Intensity
The amount of energy which is transported past a given area of the medium per unit of time is known as the intensity of the sound wave.
The greater the amplitude of vibrations of the particles of the medium, the greater the rate at which energy is transported through it, and the more intense that the sound wave is
Intensity of a point source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.

9. Intensity of Sound
Intensity of a point source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.

10. Threshold of Sound
The faintest sound which the typical human ear can detect has an intensity of 1*10-12 W/m2.
The faintest sound which a human ear can detect is known as the threshold of hearing, TOH.
The most intense sound which the ear can safely detect without suffering any physical damage is more than one billion times more intense than the threshold of hearing. 1*104 W/m2 or 160 dB
This intensity corresponds to a pressure wave in which a compression of the particles of the medium increases the air pressure in that compressional region by a mere 0.3 billionths of an atmosphere. A sound with an intensity of 1*10-12 W/m2 corresponds to a sound which will displace particles of air by a mere one-billionth of a centimeter. The human ear can detect such a sound. WOW!

11. Sound intensity
The scale for measuring intensity is the decibel scale.
The threshold of hearing is assigned a sound level of 0 decibels (abbreviated 0 dB); this sound corresponds to an intensity of 1*10-12 W/m2.
A sound which is 10 times more intense ( 1*10-11 W/m2) is assigned a sound level of 10 dB.

12. Threshold of Hearing (TOH) Whisper Normal Conversation
Source
Intensity
Intensity Level
# of Times Greater Than TOH
Threshold of Hearing (TOH)
1*10-12 W/m2
0 dB
100
Whisper
1*10-10 W/m2
20 dB
102
Normal Conversation
1*10-6 W/m2
60 dB
106
Busy Street Traffic
1*10-5 W/m2
70 dB
107
Vacuum Cleaner
1*10-4 W/m2
80 dB
108
Large Orchestra
6.3*10-3 W/m2
98 dB
109.8
Walkman at Maximum Level
1*10-2 W/m2
100 dB
1010
Front Rows of Rock Concert
1*10-1 W/m2
110 dB
1011
Threshold of Pain
1*101 W/m2
130 dB
1013
Military Jet Takeoff
1*102 W/m2
140 dB
1014
Instant Perforation of Eardrum
1*104 W/m2
160 dB
1016
While the intensity of a sound is a very objective quantity which can be measured with sensitive instrumentation, the loudness of a sound is more of a subjective response which will vary with a number of factors. The same sound will not be perceived to have the same loudness to all individuals. Age is one factor which effects the human ear's response to a sound.

13. Hearing Loss Is Permanent

14. Example 2
A mosquito's buzz is often rated with a decibel rating of 40 dB. Normal conversation is often rated at 60 dB. How many times more intense is normal conversation compared to a mosquito's buzz? a. 2 b. 20 c. 100 d. 200 e. 400

15. Example 3
On a good night, the front row of the Twisted Sister concert would surely result in a 120 dB sound level. An IPod produces 100 dB. How many IPods would be needed to produce the same intensity as the front row of the Twisted Sister concert?

16. Speed of Sound
The speed of the sound wave depends of the properties of the medium it travels through
IMFs and elasticity (called elastic modulus)
Inertial properties and Density
In general, solids have the strongest interactions between particles, followed by liquids and then gases
A highly elastic material causes vibrational disturbances to propagate faster because the restoring forces are higher
vsolids > vliquids > vgases
Thus, a sound wave will travel nearly three times faster in Helium as it will in air. This is mostly due to the lower mass of Helium particles as compared to air particles.

18. Speed of Sound in air
The speed of a sound wave in air depends upon the properties of the air
temperature and pressure
What is the speed of sound in air at room temperature (20 oC)?
v = 331m/s +(0.6m/soC)(20 oC) = = 343 m/s

19. Using the Speed of Sound to Measure Distances
At normal atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius, a sound wave will travel at approximately 343 m/s
Light travels through air at a speed of approximately m/s
The arrival of the light wave from the location of the lightning strike occurs in so little time that it is essentially negligible. Yet the arrival of the sound wave from the location of the lightning strike occurs much later.

20. Example Four: The Lightening Strike
During a storm, the air temperature is 21 C. A lightening strike is observed and only 3 seconds later, a clap of thunder can be heard.
How far away did the lightening strike occur (in meters and in miles)?
distance = v • t = 345 m/s • 3 s = 1035 m If this value is converted to miles (divide by 1600 m/1 mi), then the storm is a distance of 0.65 miles away.

21. Echolocation
Echo: perceived time delay between the production of a sound and it’s reflection from a boundary.
EXAMPLE 5: If a person on one side of a canyon hollers and the echo is heard 1.40s later, how far away is the other canyon wall (at 21o C)?
distance = v • t = 345 m/s • 0.70 s = 242 m

22. v = f Wave Speed can be Calculated by Frequency and Wavelength
the wave speed is not dependent upon these quantities.
An alteration in wavelength DOES NOT affect wave speed. Rather, an alteration in wavelength affects the frequency in an inverse manner.
The speed of a sound wave depends on the properties of the medium through which it moves and the only way to change the speed is to change the properties of the medium.

23. Example Six
An automatic focus camera is able to focus on objects by use of an ultrasonic sound wave. The camera sends out sound waves which reflect off distant objects and return to the camera. A sensor detects the time it takes for the waves to return and then determines the distance an object is from the camera. If a sound wave (speed = 340 m/s) returns to the camera seconds after leaving the camera, how far away is the object?
Answer = 25.5 m
The speed of the sound wave is 340 m/s. The distance can be found using d = v • t resulting in an answer of 25.5 m. Use seconds for the time since seconds refers to the round-trip distance.

24. Example Seven
On a hot summer day, a pesky little mosquito produced its warning sound near your ear. The sound is produced by the beating of its wings at a rate of about 600 wing beats per second.
What is the frequency in Hertz of the sound wave?
Assuming the sound wave moves with a velocity of 350 m/s, what is the wavelength of the wave?
Part a Answer: 600 Hz (given)
Part b Answer: meters
Let = wavelength. Use v = f • where v = 350 m/s and f = 600 Hz. Rearrange the equation to the form of = v / f. Substitute and solve.

25. The Doppler Effect
The Doppler effect is a phenomenon observed whenever the source of waves is moving with respect to an observer.
There is an apparent upward shift in frequency for the observer when the source of sound is approaching and …
an apparent downward shift in frequency when the observer and the source is receding

26. As the car approached with its siren blasting, the pitch of the siren sound (a measure of the siren's frequency) was high; and then suddenly after the car passed by, the pitch of the siren sound was low

28. During target practice, a man shoots a 7 g bullet with a horizontal velocity of 150 m/s directly at a 3 kg pumpkin sitting on a post.
If the bullet embeds in the pumpkin, how fast will the pumpkin be knocked off the post? 
If the post is 1 meter tall, how much time will it take the pumpkin to strike the ground?
How far from the base of the post will the pumpkin strike the ground?
What will be the pumpkin's resultant impact velocity just as it strikes the ground? 
If the dirt where the pumpkin strikes the ground offers an average resisting force of 750 N, how deep of a "dent" will the pumpkin make upon impact as it is being brought to a rest? 
The shooter heard the bullet strike the pumpkin 0.9s after releasing it. If the air temperature on that day was 78 oF, how far away was the pumpkin on the post?

29. Independent Practice
P ; 1, 2, 3, 29, 30, 32, 34, 41, 45