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11. 11 Glossary VARIATIONAny quantifiable difference between individual measurements; such differences can be classified as being due to common causes (random) or special causes (assignable). VARIATION RESEARCHProcedures, techniques, and methods used to isolate one type of variation from another (for example, separating product variation from test variation). _ X & R CHARTS A control chart which is a representation of process capability over time; displays the variability in the process average and range across time. VOICE OF THE CUSTOMER (VOC) Data gathered from the customers that provides information about their needs and requirements.