1. Historical Geology Lecture 16 The Middle Paleozoic Era

2. Historical Geology IPaleozoic Timeline IIMiddle Paleozoic Paleogeography, Climate, and Sea Level IIIGeologic Framework A)Carbonate Sedimentation B)Organic Reefs C)Evaporite Basins D)Clastic Wedges IVThe Silurian Period A)Paleogeography and Lithofacies B)Appalachian (Southern) Margin C)The Continental Interior D)Cordilleran (Northern) Margin VThe Devonian Period A)Paleogeography and Lithofacies B)Kaskaskia Sequence C)Appalachian (Southern) Margin D)Cordilleran (Northern) Margin Outline

3. Historical Geology The Middle Paleozoic Era

4. Historical Geology Middle Paleozoic Era Paleogeography Ron Blakey http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7

5. Historical Geology Middle Paleozoic Era Climate Average Global Temperature Early Devonian 415 mya Early Silurian 440 mya

6. Historical Geology Middle Paleozoic Sea Level

7. Historical Geology Middle Paleozoic Era Geologic Framework Carbonate Sedimentation Organic Reefs Evaporite Basins Clastic Wedges

8. Historical Geology Shallow "Carbonate Factory" Deep Ocean Calcareous Ooze (since Mesozoic) Carbonate Factory Currents supply nutrients Light for photosynthesis Warm waters Normal salinity Greatest biological productivity <10m Middle Paleozoic Era Geologic Framework - Carbonate Sedimentation Times of high sea level generally allow the factories to be below the depth of the wave base and circulation. This prevents erosion or mixing of the sediments due to normal energy wave abrasion to the carbonate factory and results in a time of high sediment accumulation. Times of low sea level expose the carbonate factory to the zone of wave energy circulation and can even place the factory above the water level. This results in erosion and lithification of the carbonate sediments and can be seen in the sediment record.

9. Historical Geology Growth Stages and Architectural Elements through Time Middle Paleozoic Era Geologic Framework - Organic Reefs

10. Historical Geology Windjana Gorge Devonian Australia Middle Paleozoic Era Geologic Framework - Organic Reefs

11. rock salt NaCl anhydrite CaSO 4 rock gypsum CaSO 4. H 2 O Middle Paleozoic Era Geologic Framework – Evaporite Basins Historical Geology

12. Middle Paleozoic Era Geologic Framework - Clastic Wedges

13. Historical Geology Middle Paleozoic Rocks of Laurentia

14. Historical Geology The Silurian Period Ron Blakey http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7 LaurentiaBalticaGondwanaland Siberia AntlerArc Siberia Baltica Panthallasic Ocean Rheic Ocean Paleo-Tethys Ocean Gondwanaland

15. Historical Geology Silurian Laurentia

16. Historical Geology Silurian Laurentia The Continental Interior Basins – Evaporite Deposition – Niagara Falls Cordilleran (Northern) Margin – Convergence and Subduction – Approach of Antler Terrane Appalachian (Southern) Margin – Convergence in Iapetus Ocean – Approach of Avalonia – Erosion of Taconic Highlands – Caledonian Orogeny Ron Blakey http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7

17. Historical Geology Silurian Laurentia Paleogeography and Lithofacies

18. Historical Geology Silurian Laurentia Appalachian Margin Approach of Avalonia Erosion of Taconic Highlands Appalachian Basin Sedimentation Caledonian Orogeny

19. Historical Geology Silurian Laurentia Appalachian Margin - Caledonian Orogeny

20. Historical Geology Silurian Laurentia Continental Interior Basins Michigan Evaporite Basin

21. Historical Geology Silurian Laurentia Continental Interior Basins Michigan Evaporite Basin

22. Historical Geology Silurian Laurentia Continental Interior Basins

23. Historical Geology Silurian Laurentia Continental Interior Basins - Niagara Falls

24. Historical Geology Silurian Laurentia Cordilleran Margin Ron Blakey http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7

25. Historical Geology The Devonian Period Laurasia Gondwanaland Siberia Antler Arc Siberia Panthallasic Ocean Rheic Ocean Proto-Tethys Ocean China fragments Gondwanaland Siberia Laurasia Antler Arc Panthallasic Ocean Gondwanaland Mongol Arc Kazakh Arc Laurasia 417 412 400 391 380 370 364 354 Ron Blakey http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7

26. Historical Geology Devonian Laurentia Kaskaskia Transgression ● Oriskany Sandstone Appalachian (Southern) Margin ● Acadian Orogeny ● Catskill Clastic Wedge Cordilleran (Northern) Margin ● Antler Orogeny Franklin Margin ● Ellsmere Orogeny Ron Blakey http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7

27. Historical Geology Devonian Laurentia Paleogeography and Lithofacies

28. Historical Geology Devonian Laurentia Kaskaskia Transgression

29. Historical Geology Devonian Laurentia Kaskaskia Transgression - Oriskany Sandstone initial transgressive deposit over unconformity very mature sandstone

30. Historical Geology Devonian Laurentia Appalachian Margin Acadian Orogeny Catskill Clastic Wedge

31. Historical Geology Devonian Laurentia Appalachian Margin - Acadian Orogeny Ron Blakey http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7

32. Historical Geology Devonian Laurentia Acadian Orogeny - Old Red Continent

33. Historical Geology Devonian Laurentia Appalachian Margin – Catskill Clastic Wedge

34. Historical Geology Devonian Laurentia Appalachian Margin – Catskill Clastic Wedge

35. Historical Geology Devonian Laurentia Cordilleran Margin Antler Orogeny Ron Blakey http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7

36. Historical Geology Devonian Laurentia Cordilleran Margin – Antler Orogeny Ron Blakey http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7