1. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 5 Genetic Engineering

2. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Basics of Mutations Definition: Variations from normal genetic makeup Natural mutations can improve plants and animals Genetic engineering manipulates genetic makeup

3. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Examples of Genetic Engineering Human insulin Animal and human vaccines Growth hormones Bovine somatotropin (BST) “Firefly” tobacco plants Crop production

4. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Genetic Engineering in Food “Golden” rice Disease-resistant peanuts

5. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Gene Mapping Finding genes on DNA strands Genome is complete DNA map Scientists find markers –Restriction analysis –Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)

6. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Gene Splicing in Plants Identify desirable characteristics Locate responsible gene(s) Place genetic material in plant cell Move recombinant DNA into host Modified cells grow desirable trait

7. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Gene Splicing in Animals New, imperfect techniques Introduce genetic material into genome without impacting existing Splice foreign genetic material into germ cells

8. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Techniques for Creating Transgenic Animals Micromanipulator injects into embryo Micromanipulator places in embryonic stem cells Transgenic technology

9. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Knock-Out Animals Homologous recombination –New, inactive gene placed in original’s position –New gene “knocks out” original Scientists can study original’s effect

10. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Societal Concerns Ownership of genetic materials –Animal Patent Act –Plant Variety Patent Act Consumption of altered products Environmental impact Genetically altered microorganisms

11. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Regulation of Genetic Engineering Strict USDA guidelines –Testing genetically altered organisms for environmental contact –Approving field tests of genetically altered organisms Heightened public awareness helps ensure diligence

12. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary Genetic engineering can revolutionize agriculture Care needed to harm neither humans nor the environment With safeguards, genetic engineering will be important