1. CHAPTER 2 Electindo.com PHYSICS FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL VII

2.  MEASUREMENT TOOLS To determine whether an object hot or not, we can use our fingers, but they can not be used for determining the heat level of an object constantly. The appropriate tool to measure the temperature is thermometer. Electindo.com PHYSICS FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL VII TEMPERATURE  DEFINITION What would you feel if you put your fingers into cold water ? Yes, of course, the cold water must taste cold. That sense of cold could be considered as the measurement of an object. A cold object has lower temperature than the hot object. Hence, it could be concluded that temperature is the heat level of an object or heat quantity of an object

3. Electindo.com PHYSICS FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL VII TEMPERATURE a. Celsius Scale Celsius scale was determined by a physicist from Sweden, Andreas Celsius (1701 – 1744). Celsius temperature scale uses unit “Celsius degree” (°C) b. Fahrenheit Scale The freezing point in Fahrenheit scale is 32 °F and the boiling point is 212 °F. The distance between the two points is divided into 180 scales, Fahrenheit scale. c. Reaumur Scale in Reaumur scale, the freezing point has been fixed on 0 °R and the boiling point is 80 °R. The distance between the two points is divided into 80 scales. d. Kelvin Scale Kelvin scale was fixed by A physicist from England, Lord Kelvin. Its unit is Kelvin (K). In Kelvin scale, there is no negative scale, because the freezing point has been fixed on 273 K, and the boiling point fixed on 373 K. It means that 0 K is –273 °C.  THE TEMPERATURE SCALE AND ITS RATIO

4. Electindo.com PHYSICS FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL VII TEMPERATURE The scale ratio of Celsius thermometer, Reaumur thermometer, and Fahrenheit thermometer could be stated as follows : C : R : F = 100 : 80 : 180 C : R : F = 5 : 4 : 9 By looking at the fixed freezing 0ºC = 0ºR = 32ºF, the connection of C, F, R then could be stated as follows : tº C = tºR tº C = (tºF – 32) The scale connection between Celsius and Kelvin : t K = tºC + 273 K

5. Electindo.com PHYSICS FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL VII KINDS OF THERMOMETER 1) Solid Substance Thermometer It commonly uses soft platinum wire that is twisted on the mica and then put in a heat resisting silver tube. example : platinum thermometer  KINDS OF THERMOMETER BASED ON THEIR CONTAINING SUBSTANCE Platinum Thermometer

6. Electindo.com PHYSICS FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL VII 2) Liquid substance Thermometer It is created based on the volume alteration. The used liquid are generally mercury or alcohol. Example : Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Reaumur Thermometer KINDS OF THERMOMETER

7. Electindo.com PHYSICS FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL VII 3) Gas substance Thermometer It works with principle of the effect of temperature to the pressure. The design of this thermometer is the same with nanometer. At first, The U- shaped pipe containing mercury has balanced surface. If one of its end surface connected to a room containing pressured gas, there will be a difference on its end surface. Example: gas thermometer at constant gas volume KINDS OF THERMOMETER

8. Electindo.com PHYSICS FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL VII  KINDS OF THERMOMETER BASED ON THEIR USE KINDS OF THERMOMETER 1)Laboratorium Thermometer It is commonly used for an experiment in the laboratory 2)Clinical Thermometer It is particularly used for measuring the body temperature. This type of thermometer is generally used in medical check-up and its limit of scale is 34-42 0 C.

9. Electindo.com PHYSICS FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL VII 1) Celsius Thermometer  KINDS OF THERMOMETER BASED ON THEIR CREATOR KINDS OF THERMOMETER 2) Fahrenheit Thermometer

10. Electindo.com PHYSICS FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL VII 3) Reaumur Thermometer KINDS OF THERMOMETER 4) Kelvin Thermometer

11. Electindo.com PHYSICS FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL VII 1) Clinical Thermometer  KINDS OF THERMOMETER BASED ON THEIR FUNCTION KINDS OF THERMOMETER 2) Room Thermometer 3) Maximal-minimal Thermometer

12. Electindo.com PHYSICS FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL VII 4) Digital Thermometer  KINDS OF THERMOMETER BASED ON THEIR FUNCTION KINDS OF THERMOMETER 5. Thermokepol

13. Electindo.com PHYSICS FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL VII