1. The Middle East in Transition Political Directions Chapter 27 Section 1 1

2. Anticipatory Set: Analyzing a Political Cartoon Skills Lesson 11 –Page 540 # 1-3

3. Objective Analyze how Middle Eastern nations have tried to end foreign influence after imperialism and the challenges they faced. Your Task: –Create a political Cartoon that clearly illustrates: specific political concepts/ideologies that have been utilized by both Arab Nationalists and Islamists to try to reach their goals and challenges they have faced

4. http://www.caglecartoons.com/search.asp

12. Objective Analyze how Middle Eastern nations have tried to end foreign influence after imperialism and the challenges they faced. Your Task: –Create a political Cartoon that clearly illustrates: specific political concepts/ideologies that have been utilized by both Arab Nationalists and Islamists to try to reach their goals and challenges they have faced

13. Middle East: Political Directions Students will create a political cartoon on one of the following political concepts/ideologies: a)Pan-Arabism: may include obstacles b)monarchy: absolute and constitutional c)republics: single party vs. multiparty d)shift from Islamic law to western-style secular laws e)Islamists f)Arab Spring

14. Middle East: Political Directions Students will create a political cartoon on one of the following political concepts/ideologies Characteristics of good work? Rubric: Inadequate 1 Adequate 2 Proficient 3 Excellent 4 Cartoon Shows no understanding of political concept/ideologies; Demonstrates no symbolism; no color Shows little understanding of political concept/ideologies; Demonstrates little symbolism; limited color Shows understanding of political concept/ideologies; Demonstrates symbolism; color Shows clear understanding of political concept/ideologies; Demonstrates rich symbolism; color adds to symbolism

15. In pairs, students will create a political cartoon on one of the following political concepts/ideologies: a)Pan-Arabism: may include obstacles b)monarchy: absolute and constitutional c)republics: single party vs. multiparty d)shift from Islamic law to western-style secular laws e)Islamists f)Arab Spring Resources: Your Homework and Page 590 – 595 Handouts LinkLink Remember: Put names and Letter on the back of the Cartoon Submit to the front of the room

16. Pan-Arabism to unite all Arabs based on their common language and culture (1) Goal: Felt that a unified Arab state would be a major world power & would be able to end European domination in the Middle East (1a) –Arab League: main goal: Build relations and collaborate among Arab Nation Support their interests 3

17. Obstacles of Pan-Arabism (1b) National, ethnic & kinship ties proved to be stronger than the pan-Arabism movement Religious Diversity Arab lands had no geographic unity –Settlements were scattered across a wide area Economic gaps between rich and poor nations –United Arab Republic (1958-1951) 4

18. Forms of Government (3) Most countries built strong central governments (2) Citizen participation varies Monarchies: (3) absolute monarchies constitutional monarchy Republics (3) Multiparty Republics Single Party Republics 5

19. Monarchy (3) Saudi Arabia & Jordan are ruled by kings Saudi Arabia is a monarchy that has absolute power Jordan is a constitutional monarchy –They have an elected parliament but the king holds most of the power 6

20. Republics (3) Multiparty Republics: citizens are generally much more free to express their political opinion Hold free elections –Examples: Turkey & Israel Single Party Republics: strongman ruler –More like a dictatorship –Examples: Syria & formerly Iraq 7

21. Establishing Stable Governments #3b To end western domination in their countries Modernization

22. Islamic Law #4 Islamic Law: Sharia to Western Style Laws Muslims recognize the Qur’an as governing all aspects of life It provides guidance for political, social, and economic life as well as for private behavior Today only a few countries rely on Sharia –Example: Saudi Arabia & Iran Most Middle East nations have western- style law codes

23. Challenges to Political Stability #5 Ethnic Minorities demanding self-rule –Kurds in Turkey, Iraq, Iran Rapid population growth and urbanization –Strains on governments Poverty illiteracy

24. Conflict In Lebanon #5a Cause religious diversity For many years, Lebanon was one of the most unstable places in the Middle East It is home to a number of different religious groups The Lebanese constitution divided power among the various groups The Christians had more power than the fast growing Muslim population

25. Conflict In Lebanon Cause religious diversity In 1975, Lebanon plunged into a civil war that lasted 16 years some foreign involvement –Beirut Marine Barracks Bombing October 23, 1983 In 1991, the Lebanese agreed to a power-sharing agreement that gave the Muslims a greater say in government confessionalism –In political science terminology, confessionalism is a system of government that proportionally allocates political power among a country's communities—whether religious or ethnic—according to their percentage of the population 10

26. Westernization #6 Secular governments and schools Western style law replaced Islamic law In cities –Young western music, clothing and values –Women for freedoms Ex. No veil All leads to the Rise of Fundamentalism

27. Fundamentalism Belief that society should be based on the principles of one’s religion Grounded in scriptures that describe gender roles, duties, and relations.

28. Characteristics of Fundamentalism Desire of a people to return to the values and traditions of their religion Reaction against secularism and the loss of values/traditions Tend to believe in a literal interpretation of the scriptures infallible and historically accurate Opposition to westernization. Western influences corrupt the society

29. Fundamentalists Fundamentalism sees religion as a set of firm principles that cannot be challenged, and that, these principles should be the guide in issues such as personal conduct and the organization of social, economic and political life The important thing about fundamentalism is that there is no difference between religion and politics 11

30. Secularism Fundamentalism Liberals Conservatives Socialists

31. Islamist Movement (#7) (Islamic Fundamentalism) Response to westernization (#7a) –Seen as a form of imperialism –It undermines, weakens, challenges Islamic Society Insisted that the government use the Sharia as the basis of law - Return to Muslim Traditions (#7b) –Wanted : –to restore authority to religious leaders and –to enforce the strict separation of men and women in public places, such as the workplace and schools Offered a balance to social and economic changes End foreign dominance in the region (#7b)

32. Extremism #8 Use terror and violence to promote their values/cause Claim to be involved in a struggle against their enemies of Islam = those who spread western culture and values (new form of imperialism/colonialism) #8a including US –Example of Extremist groups: al Qaeda, Hezbollah, Hamas, Taliban, ISIS In many Muslim countries, people who feel they have no future continue to be drawn to the extremists #8b Most Middle East leaders reject the actions of Islamic extremists

33. Taliban Video 14

34. Arab Spring Arab Spring Video Link - Video Link(NYT)Video Link - Video Link refers to the democratic uprisings that arose independently and spread across the Arab world in 2011. originated in Tunisia in December 2010 quickly took hold in Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain, Mohamed Bouazizi was a Tunisian street vendor who set himself on fire on 17 December 2010, in protest of the confiscation of his wares and the harassment and humiliation that he reported was inflicted on him by a municipal official and her aides. His act became a catalyst for the Tunisian Revolution and the wider Arab Spring Tunisia Rapper Video

36. The protests have shared characteristics of civil resistance (protests by the public) in sustained campaigns… Tunisia Rapper Video

37. …involving strikes, demonstrations, marches and rallies.

39. Protesters were generally young people, who also used the social media, such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, to organize, communicate, and raise awareness in the face of their governments’ attempts at censorship.

42. Many demonstrations have met violent responses from government authorities, as well as from pro- government militias.

43. Numerous factors led to the protests, but most focused on the overthrow of authoritarian (total power; the opposite of democracy/ representative government) leaders.

45. Some governments were dictatorships (rule by one man), while others were absolute monarchies (power held by a king/queen with total authority).

46. In all countries, there were accusations of human rights violations, government corruption, unemployment, extreme poverty…

47. and a large percentage of educated but dissatisfied youth within the population.

48. The catalysts for the revolts in Northern African and Persian Gulf countries have also been the concentration of wealth in the hands of autocrats (authoritarian leaders) in power for decades.

49. In recent decades rising living standards and literacy rates, as well as the increased availability of higher education, have created internet-savvy youth of these countries.

50. These young people studied in democratic nations, where they learned the value and fairness of representative government.

51. Arab Spring refers to the democratic uprisings that arose independently and spread across the Arab world in 2011. originated in Tunisia in December 2010 quickly took hold in Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan. Mohamed Bouazizi was a Tunisian street vendor who set himself on fire on 17 December 2010, in protest of the confiscation of his wares and the harassment and humiliation that he reported was inflicted on him by a municipal official and her aides. His act became a catalyst for the Tunisian Revolution and the wider Arab Spring

52. Arab Spring Causes –educated but dissatisfied youth –human rights violations –to overthrow of authoritarian government government corruption –unemployment –extreme poverty

53. Clockwise from top left: Protesters in Tahrir Square in Cairo; Demonstrators marching through Habib Bourguiba Avenue in Tunis; Political dissidents in Sana'a; Protesters gathering in Pearl Roundabout in Manama; Mass demonstration in Douma; Demonstrators in Bayda

54. Arab Spring Effects –Overthrow of several governments Tunisia: Overthrow of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali; Ben Ali flees into exile in Saudi Arabia Egypt, President Hosni Mubarak resigned in February, 2011, after two weeks days of massive protests, ending his 30-year presidency. Libyan leader Muammar al-Gadafi refused to step down, causing a civil war between his loyalists and rebels. Killed by rebels Yemen: Overthrow of Ali Abdullah Saleh; Saleh granted immunity from prosecution Syria: contunied fighting between Gov’t army and Free Syrian army

55. Arab Spring Effects –Continued fighting and protests –Political reforms –Governments overthrown and the formation of new governments –Arab Spring Timeline LinkArab Spring Timeline Link