1. The Importance of Soil Composition and Formation

2. 1. What event has decreased the area of land available for farmland in the past few decades? Urban Sprawls Urban Sprawls (growing cities) 2. Explain how the event mentioned in #1 has decreased the land available for farmland. I ncreased amount of space used for housing, shopping malls, industrial buildings, and highways.

3. 3. Explain the difference between land and soil. Land: part of the earth not covered by water Soil: the layer of material that covers the land and supports the growth of plants. The place where seeds germinate and plants anchor their roots in.

4. 4. What does soil contain?What does soil contain A: Weathered rock particles, decomposing plant and animal matter, spaces for air and water

7. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL

8. Soil Texture The particles that make up soil are categorized into three groups by size – sand, silt, and clay. Sand particles are the largest and clay particles the smallest. Most soils are a combination of the three. The relative percentages of sand, silt, and clay are what give soil its texture. A clay loam texture soil, for example, has nearly equal parts of sand, slit, and clay. These textural separates result from the weathering process.

10. What are soil horizons? Horizons = a side profile of the layers of soil OOrganic ATopsoil BSubsoil CParent Material RBedrock

11. What are soil horizons? Horizons = a side profile of the layers of soil OOrganic ATopsoil BSubsoil CParent Material RBedrock

12. What are soil horizons? Horizons = a side profile of the layers of soil OOrganic ATopsoil BSubsoil CParent Material RBedrock

13. What are soil horizons? Horizons = a side profile of the layers of soil OOrganic ATopsoil BSubsoil CParent Material RBedrock

14. What are soil horizons? Horizons = a side profile of the layers of soil OOrganic ATopsoil BSubsoil CParent Material RBedrock

15. What are soil horizons? Horizons = a side profile of the layers of soil OOrganic ATopsoil BSubsoil CParent Material RBedrock

16. 5. Compare and contrast the three A horizons of the soil in grassland, forest and desert soils. Grassland – “A” horizon topsoil is deep and supports most root growth, Forest – “A” horizon is not as thick as grassland, Desert – “A” horizon is very limited due to low precipitation and little decomposing matter

18. 6. Describe how the plants and animals in the soil form a biological community. Decomposers break down material to provide nutrients to the soil. Some bacteria provide nitrogen to the plant. Some organisms use the plants as food.

19. 7. What are the three most important factors that determine where populations of people will live? Soil type Climate Vegetation Regions with poor soils, which cannot be used for growing crops or grazing livestock, have the lowest densities of human population.

20. 8. Explain why we can’t have domestic livestock grazing in the dry grasslands of the tropics. Domestic animals get disease that the native herds are resistant to and they have a higher demand for drinking water than wild herds.

21. What factors affect the ground’s ability to absorb water? The type of soil Size of the spaces between eroded rock and decomposing materials Size of the particles of the soil Shapes of the particles Kind of particles that make up the soil The saturation state of the soil How much water is already in the soil

22. What factors affect the ground’s ability to absorb water? Temperature If the ground is frozen then there is ice filling the available spaces If the temperature is below freezing, the precipitation will stay on the surface If the temperature is high, water will evaporate before it has a chance to be absorbed

23. What factors affect the ground’s ability to absorb water? The nature of water Water is a “sticky” particle There is a strong intermolecular force between water particles This creates surface tension which holds water molecules “together” This may prevent water from “falling” into the spaces in the soil