2. Kunlun Mts. Himalayan Mts. Gobi Desert Huang He (Yellow) River Yangtze River Physical Features

3. Mountains & Deserts in the north & west & Pacific in the east isolated China from outsiders Ethnocentrism-China was the center of the world All foreigners were Barbarians Lacked interest in foreign cultures

4. Founded by Confucius 6 th Century B.C. Texts – Analects/ writings of Confucius Filial Piety Respect for elders 5 relationships Father/son, Ruler/subject, husband/wife, older brother/ younger brother, friend/friend

5. Founded by Lao-tzu 3 rd century BC Tao- “The Way” of the universe Live in Harmony with nature Balance between Ying & Yang Rejected government

6. Highly powerful government is the key to social order Punishment for offenses should be severe

7. Siddartha Gautama 5 th Century BC Eightfold Path, ethical behavior & good deeds (Meditation) Ultimate goal is Nirvana

8. Rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties Mandate of Heaven- Rule by divine right.

9. 210BC-220 AD Legalism/confucianism Centralized government Civil Service Exam

10. 221BC-210BC Legalism/ unified China Shi Huangdi Burned rival books/regulated coinage Unified Great Wall of China

11. 618-907 AD Revived Confucianism Expanded Trade (Silk Road) connected china to the Middle East

13. Ruled China from 1279-1368AD Mongols- Invaders from the north Led by Genghis Khan China first experienced foreign rule under Kublai Khan Opened China to foreign contacts (Marco Polo)

14. Conflict between England & China over Opium Trade Chinese easily defeated & forced to sign Treaty of Nanking Gave Britain Island of Hong Kong & extraterritoriality Right to live under own laws

15. Sun Yixian establishes republic of China 1911 3 Principles Nationalism, Democracy, livelihood Chiang Kai Shek takes over leadership of Kuomintang (Nationalists) 1925

17. Civil War between Nationalists & Communists Mao Zedong & Communist defeat Nationalists under Chiang Kai Shek (Taiwan)

18. Great Leap Forward- Program to increase industrial & Agricultural Output (Collectivization) Cultural Revolution- Renewal of Loyalty to Communism & purge China of non revolutionary forces

20. Leaders after Mao are more moderate UN membership in 1971 President Nixon visits China in 1972 US Recognizes China in 1979

22. Leader: Deng Xiaoping promoted foreign trade and contact with western World 4 modernizations: Industry,Farming, Science & technology, Defense. Eliminated communes

23. Economic Reform: supported capitalist ideas but remained strongly Communist Tiananmen Square- 1989 student uprising in May 1989 1000’s killed or wounded. 10,000 arrested  Human rights violations still a huge issue

27. Leader Jiang Zemin (1997-today) Economically open/ politically closed Transfer of Hong Kong (1997) from British control Agreed not to change Hong Kong’s political or economic system for 50 years