1. Copyright Notice! This PowerPoint slide set is copyrighted by Ross Koning and is thereby preserved for all to use from plantphys.info for as long as that website is available. Images lacking photo credits are mine and, as long as you are engaged in non-profit educational missions, you have my permission to use my images and slides in your teaching. However, please notice that some of the images in these slides have an associated URL photo credit to provide you with the location of their original source within internet cyberspace. Those images may have separate copyright protection. If you are seeking permission for use of those images, you need to consult the original sources for such permission; they are NOT mine to give you permission.

2. If this is a Science Course, then the first thing we should learn is what Science is, right? tumblr_mczd4kLOuo1qgsgebo1_1280.jpg With apologies to: Nightmare Before Christmas

3. Science: a methodical approach to the acquisition of knowledge Observation: Use the metric (SI) units to measure your world! Question: Be curious-the bad question is the one you fail to ask! Hypothesis: Make falsifiable educated guess to answer question Prediction: If the hypothesis is true… then the dependent variable will respond… when I manipulate the independent variable. Experiment: Manipulate the independent variable=treatment Compare the response to an unmanipulated control Analysis: Use statistical test and allow % for statistical error Type 1: rejecting a true H -- Type2: failing to reject false H Decision: Reject hypothesis or Cannot reject hypothesis Note: no proof!

4. Observation Question Hypothesis Prediction Experiment Analysis Decision RejectCannot Reject re-test from different perspective Scientific Method after many cycles without rejection Hypothesis becomes Theory revise

5. http://cdn2.bigcommerce.com/server5100/48dcb/products/43/images/116/scientificmethod__92804. 1338919332.1280.1280.jpg We are all born as scientists and do the scientific method innately. As an example, we will walk through a more adult experience, and see how your natural reactions to the situation include almost instant application of multiple cycles of the scientific method!

6. Bulb In? Power On? Switch Broken? Wire Shorted? Plugged In? Paid Bill? Bulb Burned Out? Bulb loose? Here is a normal behavior: Scientific Method

7. Bulb In? Power On? Switch Broken? Wire Shorted? Plugged In? Paid Bill? Bulb Burned Out? Bulb loose? Scientific Method after many cycles without rejection Hypothesis becomes Theory http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3280/2783503789_70a1456f19.jpg?v=0 Theory of Evolution Law of Conservation of Matter Law of Conservation of Energy An Alternative Lamp Theory?

8. http://realmofbiochemistry.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/louis-pasteur-9434402-1-4021.jpg Louis Pasteur: Testing The Question of Spontaneous Generation French Biochemist and Microbiologist 1822-1895 Germ Theory of Disease Pasteurization of Food (60°C 30 min) Vaccinations against Rabies and Anthrax

9. Page 4 Figure 1.2 Cells arise spontaneously from nonliving materials. Cells are produced only when preexisting cells grow and divide. Do cells arise spontaneously or from other cells? Pasteur experiment with straight-necked flask: 1. Place nutrient broth in straight-necked flask. 2. Boil to sterilize the flask (killing any living cells that were in the broth). 3. Preexisting cells enter flask from air. No cells Cells Cells will appear in broth. Cells Cells arise from preexisting cells, not spontaneously from nonliving material. No cells Spontaneous generation hypothesis rejected Cells will not appear in broth. Cells will appear in broth. 1. Place nutrient broth in swan-necked flask. Cells Pasteur experiment with swan-necked flask: Cells No cells 2. Boil to sterilize the flask (killing any living cells that were in the broth). Condensation settles in neck 3. Preexisting cells from air are trapped in swan neck. Both hypotheses supported