1. Pipes Pipes are an inter-process communication mechanism that allow two or more processes to send information to each other

2. Pipes A pipe provides a one-way flow of data - example: who | sort| lpr + output of who is input to sort + output of sort is input to lpr whopipesortpipelpr Bytes from “who” flow through the pipe to “sort” Bytes from “sort” flow through the pipe to “lpr”

3. Pipes Pipe is a data structure in the kernel. int pipe(int fd[2]) – create an unnamed pipe and return two file descriptors - fd[0] is the “read” end of the pipe - fd[1] is the “write” end of the pipe

4. Description of pipe() Pipe fd[0] fd[1] Write end Read end

5. #include #define READ 0 #define WRITE 1 char* phrase = "Stuff this in your pipe and smoke it"; main () { int fd [2], bytesRead; char message [100]; pipe (fd); /*Create an unnamed pipe */ if (fork () == 0) { close(fd[READ]); write (fd[WRITE],phrase, strlen (phrase) + 1); close (fd[WRITE]); } else { close (fd[WRITE]); bytesRead = read (fd[READ], message, 100); printf ("Read %d bytes: %s\n", bytesRead, message); close (fd[READ]); } [c33225@snowball ~]$./talk Read 37 bytes: Stuff this in your pipe and smoke it

6. UNIX Pipe Creation First, a process creates a pipe, and then forks to create a copy of itself. pipe flow of data kernel parent process readfd writefd child process readfd writefd fork

7. Pipe Examples Parent opens file, child reads file child closes read end of pipe parent closes write end of pipe pipe flow of data kernel parent process writefd child process readfd fork

8. Named Pipes Named pipes [often referred to as first-in, first-out queues (FIFOs)] are less restricted than unnamed pipes and have the advantages: –Have a name that exists in the file system –May be used by unrelated processes –Exist until they are explicitly deleted

9. Named Pipes To create a named pipe: 1.Using UNIX mknod utility 2.Using mknod() system call

10. mknod utility Create a named pipe using mknod, use the p option The mode of the named pipe may be set using chmod [c33225@snowball ~]$ mknod myPipe p [c33225@snowball ~]$ chmod ug+rw myPipe [c33225@snowball ~]$ ls -lg myPipe prw-rw-r-- 1 c33225 0 Jul 23 16:07 myPipe

11. Named Pipes If a process tries to open a named pipe for read only and no process currently has that file open for reading, the writer waits until the file is open. Similarly for a writer process. Named pipes do not work across networks We need socket to do communication among processes across networks

12. #include int readLine (int fd, char *str); main () { int fd; char str[100]; unlink(“aPipe”); /* Remove named pipe if it already exists */ mknod (“aPipe”, S_IFIFO, 0); /* Create named pipe */ chmod (“aPipe”, 0660); /* Change its permissions */ fd = open (“aPipe”, O_RDONLY); /* Open it for reading */ while (readLine (fd, str)) /* Display received messages */ printf (“%s\n”, str); close (fd); /* Close pipe */ } int readLine (int fd, char *str) /* Read a single NULL-terminated line into str from fd */ /* Return 0 when the end-of-input is reached and 1 otherwise */ { int n; do /* Read characters until NULL or end-of-input */ { n = read (fd, str, 1); /* Read one character */ } while (n > 0 && *str++ != NULL); return (n > 0); /* Return false if end-of-input */ } reader.c

13. #include main () { int fd, messageLen, i; char message [100]; /* Prepare message */ sprintf (message, "Hello from PID %d", getpid ()); messageLen = strlen (message) + 1; do /* Keep trying to open the file until successful */ { fd = open ("aPipe", O_WRONLY); /* Open named pipe for writing */ if (fd == -1) sleep (1); /* Try again in 1 second */ } while (fd == -1); for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++) /* Send three messages */ { write (fd, message, messageLen); /* Write message down pipe */ sleep (3); /* Pause a while */ } close (fd); /* Close pipe descriptor */ } writer.c $./reader &./writer &./writer & [1] 3152 [2] 3153 [3] 3154 $ Hello from PID 3153 Hello from PID 3154 Hello from PID 3153 Hello from PID 3154 Hello from PID 3153 jobs [1] Done./reader [2]- Done./writer [3]+ Done./writer