1. 1.Find three ways to group these animals. 2.What characteristics did you use for each of your classifications?

2. Section 2 Objectives – page 450 Objective For Today Identify the characteristics of the six kingdoms

3. All living things are classified into one of 6 kingdoms. The six kingdoms are: 1. Eubacteria (Monera) 3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia 2. Archaebacteria (Monera)

4. Section 17.2 Summary – pages 450-459 In general, differences in cellular structures and methods of obtaining energy are the two main characteristics that distinguish among the members of the six kingdoms. The Six Kingdoms of Organisms

6. Until recently bacteria and archaebacteria were together in the kingdom Monera. Because of discoveries over the last 20 years scientists have decided that they are so different that they should have their own kingdom. Archaebacteria Eubacteria

7. Each Kingdom has a set of characteristics that bind the organisms in that group together. These characteristics are not ‘rules’ but more like guidelines.

8. Eubacteria Cell Structure: Prokaryotic (small and simple) cells No nucleus (brain of the cell) No organelles (tiny organs of the cell) ALL Single-celled – only 1 cell big / unicellular Size: Microscopic

9. Environments: Found in most common environments – water, soil, mouth … FYI: one of the oldest and most successful groups of organisms on earth Nutrients: Some are autotrophic, but most bacteria cannot make their own food and therefore must live in or on others. Eubacteria Useful bacterium. Bacteria, such as Lactobacillus bulgaricus, which turns milk into yogurt, can be useful to humans.

10. Eubacteria Although some eubacteria cause diseases, such as strep throat and pneumonia, most bacteria are harmless and many are actually helpful. Lactobacillus casei Streptococcus

11. Cell Structure: Prokaryotic cells No nucleus No organelles All Single-celled Size: Microscopic Archaebacteria

12. Environments: Usually found in ‘extreme’ environments Such as highly acidic lakes, the bottom of the ocean, in ice flows, or in boiling hot mud or water Archaebacteria

13. Nutrients: Most archaebacteria have to digest chemicals not useable (toxic) by other organisms Archaebacteria

14. Cell Structure: Eukaryotic cells Has a nucleus Has organelles Some are multi-cellular Most are single-celled Size: Microscopic/Macroscopic Protists

15. Environments: Found in most common ponds, lake environments. FYI: This is the ‘catch all’ kingdom. If an organism does not fit into another kingdom it often winds up here. Protists

16. ALGAE- “plant-like” protists (based on pigment and how they eat) autotrophic no true roots, stems, or leaves PROTOZOA- “animal-like” protists (based on movement) heterotrophic some cause disease

17. Protists SLIME MOLDS AND MILDEW- “fungus-like” protists (based on body form and how they eat) heterotrophic- decomposers can move at some point

18. Fungi Cell Structure: Eukaryotic cells Has a nucleus Has organelles Some are Multi-cellular Some are Uni-cellular Size: Microscopic/Macroscopic Video:

19. Environments: Found in most moist and warm areas, often near dead material FYI: Used to be classified with plants but now we know they are different enough to have their own kingdom. Nutrients: Cannot make their own food so fungi must live on or in living or dead organisms – athlete’s foot, ring worm, diaper rash Fungi FYI: CANNOT MOVE

20. Fungi EXAMPLES: - Yeast (unicellular) - Bread mold - Mushrooms Video:

21. Plantae Cell Structure: Eukaryotic cells Has a nucleus Has organelles Multi-cellular Has a large vacuole Has a cell wall Size: Macroscopic

22. Plantae Environments: Found in most areas where freshwater and sunlight can be found FYI: Many organisms depend on plants because they have the ability to make food using the energy from the sun = photosynthesis

23. Animalia Cell Structure: Eukaryotic cells Has a nucleus Has organelles – mitochondria, ER, lysosomes Multi-cellular Size: Macroscopic

24. FYI: Most animals have some sort of nervous system and the majority of animal species live in oceans. Nutrients: Cannot make their own food so animals must eat plants, hunt, filter feed, or scavenge for food. Animalia

25. Section 2 Check Why do taxonomists use Latin names for classification? Question 1 Answer Latin is no longer used in conversation and, therefore, does not change.

26. Chapter Assessment Question 2 Which taxon contains the others? D. family C. genus B. class A. order The answer is B.

27. Chapter Assessment Question 3 Which of the following pairs of terms is NOT related? D. Aristotle – evolutionary relationships C. biology – taxonomy B. binomial nomenclature – Linnaeus A. specific epithet – genus The answer is D.

28. Chapter Assessment Question 4 Which of the following is NOT true of both the animal and plant kingdoms? D. cells contain cell walls C. cells are organized into tissues B. tissues are organized into organs A. both contain organisms made up of cells The answer is D.