2. The Writing Process Basic Sentence Structure Complete Sentences Types of Sentences Fragments Run-Ons Paragraphs Elements of a Paragraph Outlining

3. Sentences Complete Sentences Types of Sentences Compound Sentences Fragments Run-On Sentences

4. Complete Sentences  A complete sentence has a subject and a predicate that work together to make a complete thought. Bobby laughed until he cried.

5. Complete Sentences  In order for a sentence to be complete it must have the following items: Start with a capital letter Have a noun or pronoun as the subject Have an action or linking verb with or without helping verbs End with some form of punctuation: period, exclamation point, or a question mark Has a complete thought

6. Types of Sentences  There are four types of sentences. Exclamatory Shows strong emotion & ends with an ! Interrogative Asks a question & ends with a ? Imperative Makes a demand or command & ends with a period. Declarative Makes a statement & ends with a period

7. Combining Sentences  Sentences have to be combined to avoid the boredom that would happen if all sentences were the same length.  Avoid using several “simple” sentences.

8. Compound Sentences  Contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction.  Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.  The coordinating conjunctions are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

9. Sentence Fragments  A SENTENCE FRAGMENT fails to be a sentence in the sense that it cannot stand by itself.

10. Sentence Fragments  May locate something in time and place, but lack a subject- verb relationship. Last Saturday after the ballgame at the ice cream shop.

11. Sentence Fragments  May describe something, but do not have a subject-verb relationship. Shooting just before the buzzer rang and hoping to score the winning point.

12. Sentence Fragments  May have most of the makings of a sentence, but still are missing an important part of a verb phrase. Some of us going together to the mall.

13. Sentence Fragments  May have a subject-verb relationship, but cannot stand by itself because it is missing information to make it a complete thought. Even though she was the prettiest girl and had a great talent presentation.

14. Run-On Sentences  A RUN-ON SENTENCE (sometimes called a fused sentence) has at least two parts.  one part can stand by itself  the other part needs to be connected together with one or two words  The run-on can be corrected with a semi-colon. (;) or by using Conjunctions

15. Run-On Sentences  Remember: The length of a sentence really has nothing to do with whether a sentence is a run-on or not; even a very short sentence could be a run-on sentence. The books are heavy don’t carry them. (incorrect) The books are heavy; don’t carry them.

16. Run-On Sentences  When two clauses are connected by only a comma, they are a run-on sentence that is called a comma-splice. The books are heavy, don’t carry them.

17. Run-On sentences happen  when an independent clause gives an order or directive based on what was said in the prior independent clause. The game is going to be very close you have to play your best.

18. Run-On sentences also happen  when two clauses are connected by words such as however, moreover, or nevertheless. My mom packed my lunch today however she forgot to put in my drink.

19. The Paragraph  A paragraph is a collection of related sentences dealing with a single topic.  Paragraphs are ALWAYS indented

20. Basic Rule of Paragraphs  Keep one idea to one paragraph. One idea and several bits of supporting evidence Several points as long as they relate to the overall topic of the paragraph  If you begin to transition into a new idea, it belongs in a new paragraph.

21. Elements of a Paragraph  A paragraph should contain each of the following : Unity Coherence Topic Sentence Adequate Development

22. Unity  The entire paragraph should concern itself with a single focus.  It begins with a one focus or major point of discussion.

23. Coherence  is the trait that makes the paragraph easily understandable to a reader.  The paragraph will flow easily

24. Topic Sentences  Topic sentences indicate a general idea or relate thesis information and what the paragraph is going to deal with.  Most topic sentences are located within the first few sentences.  Never use a question as a topic sentence!

25. Adequate Development  The topic (which is introduced by the topic sentence) should be discussed fully and adequately.  Beware of “fake”paragraphs that only have two or three sentences. A paragraph is not fully developed if it is too short.  Good, adequate paragraphs have five to six sentences.

26. Well-Developed Paragraphs Include:  Examples and illustrations  Cite data (facts, statistics, evidence, details, and others)  Compare and contrast  Evaluate causes and reasons  Examine effects and consequences  Analyze the topic  Describe the topic  Offer a chronology/time segments of an event

27. How do I know when to start a new paragraph ?  You should start a new paragraph when : When you begin a new idea or point To contrast information or ideas Create a break if the paragraph becomes too long or the material is complex. When you are ending your introduction or starting your conclusion

28. Formal Essays  In a formal essay, you NEVER use the first person pronouns, I, me, mine etc You will never use the phrases: I think…, In my opinion, I believe…  You will NEVER start off answering with “Yes” or “No”  You make DECLARATIVE statements.

29. Formal Essays  When responding to an essay prompt, you will RESTATE the prompt by paraphrasing  NEVER rewrite the prompt to use as one of your sentences in your paragraph. That is PLAGIARIZING!!

30. Outlining  Why create an outline? Aids in the process of writing Helps you organize your ideas Presents your material in a logical form Shows the relationships among ideas in your writing Constructs an ordered overview of your writing

31. How do I create an outline?  Determine the purpose of your paper.  Develop the thesis of your paper.

32. Outline Continued  Then: Brainstorm: List all the ideas that you want to include in your paper. Organize: Group related ideas together. Order: Arrange material in subsections from general to specific or from abstract to concrete. Label: Create main and sub headings.