1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland plus several smaller islands

3. Mnemonic Devices Learning techniques that aid memory Some mnemonic devices you may be familiar with: ▫Roy G. Biv ▫Please excuse my dear aunt Sally. ▫Every good boy does fine. / FACE

4. Great Britain has provided a variety of products and ideas Stonehenge The theory of gravity The Industrial Revolution Radar Penicillin Shakespeare Robin Hood The Beatles

5. The US took from Britain Common law ▫emphasizes personal rights and freedom British parliamentary government British literature English language

6. Invaders of Great Britain Iberians Celts (pronounced kelts) Romans Angles and Saxons Vikings Normans

7. Iberians (Old & New Stone Age) 1 st people to live in England Short, dark skinned Knowledge of metalworking ▫Knew how to make bronze  Bronze is an alloy consisting of mainly copper with tin.  Alloys combine two or more metallic elements to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion.  Bronze has been used for boat and ship fittings and propellors, statues and sculptures, cannons, guitar and piano strings, cymbals, medals, as well as other items.

8. Celts (Approx. 600 BC – 55 BC) Physical characteristics: ▫Tall, blonde ▫Warriors Lifestyle: ▫Introduced the use of iron to Europe ▫Skilled artisans (workers in skilled trades, especially ones that involved hand-made items; a craftsperson) – furniture, tools, clothing, jewelry ▫Highly developed religion ▫Legal system specified individual rights

9. Religion of the Celts Animism – Latin word for “spirit” ▫Spirits in everything (rivers, trees, stones, fire) Spirits (gods) controlled all aspects of existence; had to be constantly satisfied ▫Ritual dances or human sacrifices Druids – priests ▫Intermediaries between gods and people Stonehenge – May have been used by druids for religious rites related to solar and lunar cycles http://youtu.be/_n2QNHN72wA

10. Celtic Stories The Celtic legends  ▫strong women ▫fantastic animals (wolves, serpents, dragons) ▫incredible adventures ▫enchanted lands. Anglo-Saxon stories  brooding; male dominated

11. Romans (Approx. 55 BC – 400 AD) Beginning of Christianity Julius Caesar  invaded in 55 BC Emperor Claudius  invaded about 100 years later; defeated the Celts Romans built Hadrian’s Wall to prevent invasions ▫a 73-mile long defensive wall

13. More about Romans Romans left in 410 AD ▫problems in Rome Contributions: ▫Roads (5000 miles of stone road, some still in use today) ▫Walls ▫Villas ▫Great public baths Left no central government in Britain

14. Anglo-Saxons (450 AD) Angles and Saxons  from Germany Jutes  from Denmark Invaded  middle of the 5 th century Celts resisted; eventually retreated to Wales ▫Today, traces of this culture can still be found.

15. Alfred the Great Early Anglo-Saxon England  ▫Divided into independent principalities ▫Each with its own “king.” The country became a true nation when King Alfred of Wessex defeated the Danes ▫Danes  Viking people ▫Crossed the North Sea  8 th and 9 th centuries King Alfred  revived interest in ▫Learning ▫The English language

16. Hagar the Horrible

17. St. Augustine Converted England to Christianity a 2nd time by converting the Anglo-Saxon kings/subjects ▫Irish and Continental missionaries. Parts of old pagan religion remained Anglo-Saxons and Danes continued to battle ▫Defeated by William, Duke of Normandy in 1066

18. Anglo-Saxon Life Depended upon loyalty to the leader Homesteads  ▫single-family, wooden dwellings ▫surrounded a warm, fire-lit chieftain's hall, also called a mead hall  Fire in center; dais at one end Protected by a wooden stockade fence Led to a ▫Sense of security ▫Close relationship between leaders and followers

19. Two-class society Thanes, or earls ▫Rulers ▫Related to the leader of the tribe Churls ▫Bondservants ▫Ancestors  captured by the tribe ▫Provided hard labor ▫Bound to earls’ service  They could earn possessions and special royal favor to become freemen.

20. Loyalty to the leader Chieftain and his followers  bound to each other until death ▫If the leader died   warriors had to avenge his death or die beside him. Followers  gain fame and success by ▫showing loyalty to the tribe leader Success  measured in gifts from the leader ▫The more loyal  the more gifts ▫The more gifts  the more successful

22. Lifestyle Emphasized warfare VERY SOCIAL! Dinner  noon until 3 PM in the mead hall (center of family life) Mead  drink of fermented honey, malt, & spices Food  ▫meat & fish ▫primary vegetable  cabbage Entertainment: ▫Women  needlework ▫Men  chess & backgammon, fishing, hunting, gambling, drinking, & fighting

23. Women’s Roles The Anglo-Saxon society focused on warfare. Women did have rights  ▫inherit and hold property even after marriage. Upper-class women supervised ▫the weaving and dyeing of cloth ▫slaughter of livestock ▫brewing of mead ▫beekeeping

24. Religion Christianity had been brought to England Pagan elements remained Paganism  dark, fatalistic religion Wyrd  represents one’s fate in life Did not believe in the afterlife Immortality  achieved through heroic actions

25. Bards Bards  storytellers & history keepers ▫Also called scops Sang about heroes and gods ▫accompaniment of harps. Not inferior to warriors ▫writing poetry  as important as fighting, hunting, farming, or loving.

26. Anglo-Saxon Literature Elegiac, or mournful, in nature ▫Remember   Fatalistic  No belief in afterlife Handed down orally

27. Monks and Monasteries Monks founded monasteries Monasteries  ▫Sanctuaries for refugee scholars ▫Centers of learning ▫Stored Greek and Latin classics Job  copy manuscripts by hand ▫Scriptorium  writing room ▫Quill pens ▫Vellum  “paper” made from sheepskin ▫Winters  so cold ink would freeze The Church took learning seriously ▫Monks  vows of silence

28. The English Language Latin  language of serious study King Alfred  ▫Had primary education taught in English ▫English  respect as a language of culture ▫Instituted the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle  a lengthy running history of England  Kept in the British Library