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A comparison of the energy costs of various modes of locomotion. Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity
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Swimming. –Since water is buoyant gravity is less of a problem when swimming than for other modes of locomotion. However, since water is dense, friction is more of a problem. –Fast swimmers have fusiform bodies.
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For locomotion on land powerful muscles and skeletal support are more important than a streamlined shape. –hopping –walking –running –crawling
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Gravity poses a major problem when flying. –The key to flight is the aerodynamic structure of wings. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 34.26
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Hydrostatic skeleton: consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment. –Earthworm –Cniderian –Squid Skeletons support and protect the animal body and are essential to movement
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Exoskeletons Endoskeletons Exo & Endoskeletons
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Human Skeleton Joint Movement
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Muscles come in antagonistic pairs. Muscles move skeletal parts by contracting
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The sliding-filament model of muscle contraction. Interactions between myosin and actin generate force during muscle contractions
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Calcium ions and regulatory proteins control muscle contraction
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Review of skeletal muscle contraction.
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An individual muscle cell either contracts completely or not all. Individual muscles, composed of many individual muscle fibers, can contract to varying degrees. Diverse body movements require variation in muscle activity
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Contraction Response
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–Graded muscle contraction can also be controlled by regulating the number of motor units involved in the contraction. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 49.38
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Slow-Twitch Versus Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibers
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ATP is Generated by: 1.creatine phosphate ADP + creatine phosphate creatine + ATP 2. lactic acid fermentation From stored glycogen via anaerobic glycolysis; glucose pyruvic acid (no O 2 ) lactic acid O2O2 3. aerobic respiration Krebs CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP Energy for muscle contraction: ATP is the only energy source ATP (ATPase + H 2 O) ADP + Pi
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Fast glycolitic: white muscle fibers, low myoglobin, anaerobic glycolysis, few mitochondria, fast twitch fibers, high glycogen stores, short bursts, fatigues easily Slow oxidative: red muscle, aerobic, high myoglobin, low glycogen stores, lots mitochondria, slow, tonic, long distance Fast oxidative glycolytic: red pink, aerobic, fast, high myoglobin, intermediate amt. of mitochondria, intermediate glycogen, intermediate fatigue resistance Ratio- red:white (all 3 types in body) Ex. fish- long distance blue fin tuna- mostly red meat quick bursts- yellow tail- more white meat
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Sprinter- anaerobic respiration Long distance Runner- aerobic respiration
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Other Types of Muscle. –Smooth muscle: No striations Found lining the walls of hollow organs. Autonomic Nervous System Slow contractions –Cardiac muscle:. Intercalated discs facilitate the coordinated contraction of cardiac muscle cells. Striations Autonomic Nervous System
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