1. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC HS130: Anatomy & Physiology II Unit 7 Seminar: Fluid/Electrolyte Balance; Acid/Base Equilibrium July 2007 Dr. Grant Iannelli Adjunct Professor, Kaplan University

2. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Welcome to the Seminar!

3. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Tonight’s Agenda Welcome Course Questions, Problems & Issues Unit 6 Review Seminar discussion

4. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Course Questions, Problems & Issues

5. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Unit 6 Issues to Review

6. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Fluid & Electrolyte Balance

7. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC What are the three main fluid compartments of the body? Which of these make up extracellular fluid? Fluids

8. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Water What factors influence the percentage of water in the body?

9. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Water Gain What are the three sources of water for the body?

10. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Water Loss List the four organs from which fluid loss occurs.

11. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Water Loss Why is the body unable to reduce its fluid output to zero no matter how dehydrated it is?

12. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Electrolytes What is the difference between electrolytes and nonelectrolytes?

13. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Electrolytes Name the three most important negative ions. Name three important positive ions.

14. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC How does aldosterone influence water movement between the kidney tubules and the blood? Aldosterone

15. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC

16. Water Movement What is the role of capillary blood pressure in water movement between the plasma and interstitial fluid?

17. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Water Movement What is the role of plasma proteins in water movement between the plasma and interstitial fluid?

18. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Urine Regulation Where is each made and what is the specific effect each has on urine volume? Name the three hormones that regulate urine volume.

19. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC

20. Describe the common fluid imbalances. Dehydration Overhydration Edema Fluid Disturbances

21. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Acid-Base Equilibrium

22. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Acids and Bases What is an acid? A base?

23. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC What is the relationship between pH and the relative concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in solution? The pH Scale

24. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC What is the chemical reaction that converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid? Acid-Base Chemistry What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

25. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Acid-Base Chemistry What is a buffer?

26. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC

27. Acid-Base Chemistry How does a buffer pair react if more hydrogen ions are added to the blood?

28. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Acid-Base Chemistry How does a buffer pair react if more hydroxide ions are added to the blood?

29. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Acid-Base Chemistry What changes occur in the blood as a result of buffering fixed acids?

30. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Acid-Base Balance Explain the respiratory mechanism of pH control.

31. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Renal pH Control Explain how the kidney uses NaH2PO4 to remove hydrogen ions from the blood.

32. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Disturbances Define acidosis and alkalosis.

33. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Disturbances Explain disturbances of the buffer pair.

34. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Case Study: Justin Peaks A mountain climber, Justin Peaks, spent several days camped at a very high altitude on a mountain. He noticed that he was breathing faster than normal and that he began to feel nervous, excitable, and his muscles were hyperactive. Suggest a reason for his symptoms.

35. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Case Study: Justin Peaks Justin felt ill and vomited several times. How would this affect his alkalosis?

36. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Case Study: Justin Peaks Because Justin didn’t feel well, he took several antacid tablets, which contained sodium bicarbonate. Was this a good idea? How would this affect his alkalosis?

37. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Case Study: Justin Peaks How would his body work to control his alkalosis and maintain homeostasis of the pH of his body fluids?

38. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Questions?? Ask ME or ask your classmates!!

39. Copyright © 2007, Grant Iannelli, DC Thanks for attending! See you in discussion!