1. Chapter AP* Sixth Edition World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Civilization 1.2

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Culture- the shared product of human societies –Purpose  Mediate the wants and needs between human beings  The medium by which people are interdependent –Culture is managed through cultural institutions  E.g. religion, government, education, economy “Civilization” refers to a level of cultural development Civilization and Culture

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Defining Civilization –From Latin cives, city –Evolved over thousands of years, not an event- a process –Functional definition  Developed division of government  Established population centers (though most residents are farmers and live outside population centers  Developed government controlling a defined region  Written language What is Civilization?

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Defining Civilization –Civilization can also have a more subjective meaning  Civilization as more familiar to those judging it  Looking down on the culture and intellegence of “uncivilized” people  Greeks referred to non-Greeks a barbarians If we consider a developed written language as the determining factor the four cradles of civilization are… Civilization

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Cradles of Civilization Mesopotamia (Present Iraq) Egyptian (Modern Egypt) Indus River (India and Pakistan) Yellow River (Modern China)

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Cradles of Civilization Geographical Influences –Use of irrigation to promote agriculture demands community coordination (interdependence) Cultural diffusion –Trade and invasions spread critical technologies- We will examine this in The Human Web text –Western civilization diffused from the Eastern Mediterranean

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Civilization: Mesopotamia

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Sumeria –Tigris and Euphrates plain –Irrigation > food surplus Tigris and Euphrates plain –Sumerians in c. 4000 B.C.E. Civilization

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Sumeria: Political and Social Organization –City-States  Establish boundaries  State religion  Courts –Kings  Defense, war –Priests  With kings, administer state land and slaves Civilization

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Sumeria: Culture and Religion –Writing  Cuneiform: stylus on clay tablets  Phonetic  Scribes  Gilgamesh –Astronomy, numeric system –Religion  Patron gods Civilization

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A Look at Cuneiform Cuneiform- World’s first developed written language Evolved from picture writing and ideograms into a complex system Used by Mesopotamian peoples almost to the common era Pressed into clay with a reed

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A Translation of an Early Map

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert An Overview of Mesopotamian Civilization Sumerians built a dozen city-states that shared a common culture ca 4000 BCE Tigris and Euphrates Rivers- unpredictable flooding- impact on culture… Mesopotamia was a crossroads for nomadic groups- invaders would conquer and adapt Sumerian culture

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A look into Sumerian society Sumerian culture flourished from 4000-2600 BCE Much of what we know comes from funerary and religious art What doe these pieces of art tell us about the point of view of ancient Sumerians?

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Royal Standard of Ur

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Sumerian Gods

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Seated Gudea- Late Sumerian

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Akkadian Empire –Sargon I  c. 2400 B.C.E.  Adapted and spread Sumerian culture- from city-states to empires The Babylonian Empire –c. 1800 B.C.E., unites under Hammurabi  Law Code-will compare with Moses… –Scientific knowledge expanded  Base 60 system  Astronomy Civilization

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Mesopotamia in Maps

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Egyptian Civilization –Farming by 5000 B.C.E. –Civilization emerges by 3200 B.C.E.  Difference: no city ‑ states –Geography-  a relatively predictable flood cycle- natural yearly fertilizer  Relative isolation from other peoples –Government  Pharaoh, intermediary between gods and men  Bureaucracy  Regional governors Nile Valley Civilization

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Egypt: The Gift of the Nile

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Egyptian Ideas and Art –Hieroglyphic writing  Pictograms, phonetic  Papyrus  Monopolized by priesthood- scribes –Medicine –Religion  Isis, Osiris, Horus- Gods that often mixed human and animal forms  Cycle of life, annual rise and fall of Nile  Idea of life after death diffuses through the Middle East Nile Valley Civilization

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Egyptian Longevity The culture of Egypt remained relatively uninterrupted for over 3000 year –Old Kingdom 2700 BCE- 2200 BCE  Pyramid age –Middle Kingdom 2000-1600 BC –New Kingdom 1500-1100 BC  Egyptian Empire  Great temples of Karnak and Luxor  Hebrew slaves in Egypt –Late Period 1100-323 BCE

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Preserving Order Maat- The ancient Egyptian understanding of balancing law, order, stability and morality Disruption of Maat caused chaos and disorder Periods of civil unrest accredited for disturbing Maat

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops) Originally 481 feet tall- tallest man made structure until 1100 CE! 2.3 million blocks 755 feet at each side 13 acre base! Made by farmers during the flood season Over 100 pyramids throughout Egypt

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Hieroglyphics

28. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A Look at Egypt

29. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A Look at Egypt

30. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A Look at Egypt

31. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Architecture and the State The Temple of Amon at Karnack and the National Mall in Washington, DC are both architectural attempts to define and unite a people How are these places similar in form and function? How are they different?

32. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The National Mall and Luxor- Karnak Temple

33. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Kush –Independent existence by 1000 B.C.E. –Conquered Egypt by 730 B.C.E. –After Assyrian conquest of Egypt  Kush moves south  Meroë, 6th century –Height from 250 B.C.E. to 50 C.E.  center of iron working –Defeated by Axum, c. 300 C.E. Civilization

34. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Egypt, Kush, and Axum

35. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Egypt and Mesopotamia Compared –Political form  Mesopotamian city-states  Egyptian centralized government –Epic tradition  Gilgamesh in Mesopotamia  None in Egypt Civilization

36. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Civilization

37. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Civilization The Indus River Valley –Harappan civilization, 3rd millennium B.C.E.  Indus river system  Valley plains, snow-fed rivers –The Great Cities of the Indus Valley Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro  Densely populated  Walled  Square grid pattern  Construction: kiln-dried bricks

38. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert India in the Age of Harappa and the Early Aryan Migrations

39. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Civilization Beginnings of China –Longshan culture (2000-1500 B.C.E. )  Millet, larger villages  Controlled river with dikes –Rulers associated with flood control  Mythical Yu, ruler of Xia –Religion  Shamans served as oracles –Ideographs – about 3000 in Shang era Isolated from other cradles of civilizations

40. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Heritage of the River Valley Civilizations Lasting impact of the first civilizations –Basic ideas about social structures Basic differences between first cultures? –Understanding of nature

41. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Heritage of the River Valley Civilizations New societies in the Middle East –Phoenicians- maritime culture  New alphabet from about 1300 B.C.E. Basis of the writing system for much of the world  Active as traders in the Mediterranean –Hebrews  Settled in Eastern Mediterranean from 1200 B.C.E.  Special relationship with their deity  Monotheism  Enduring legacy in the religious and moral development of western culture

42. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Heritage of the River Valley Civilizations Assessing the river valley period –Basic tools of civilization  Writing  Mathematics  Political forms –Enduring divisions among global populations  Modified by steadily increasing contact

43. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Global Connections: The Early Civilizations and the World Comparing Early Civilizations –Egypt largely isolated –Mesopotamia more open to the outside –China’s early influence not great  Developments emerging that would later influence Korea, Japan, Vietnam –Harappan society in contact with Mesopotamia