1. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives By: Dr. Siham Lahsasni

2. Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid General formula: R-COOH or Ar-COOH In the IUPAC: the ending –e is replaced by –oic acid. Formic acid Acetic acid Propionic acid Butyric acid Valeric acid Methanoic acid Ethanoic acid Propanoic acid Butanoic acid Pentanoic acid Cyclopropane Cyclobutane Cyclopentane Cyclohexane Carboxylic acid Carboxylic acid Carboxylic acid Carboxylic acid

3. In common : the position of the carbons present on the acid chain, are located by the Greek letters. In IUPAC: The carboxylic carbon is numbered 1. common:  -  - Dimethyl butyric acid IUPAC: 2,3-Dimethyl butanoic acid

4. Benzoic acid Salicylic acid Benzene carboxylic acid 2-Hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid Phethalic acid Terephtalic acid Benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid

5. Physical Properties of Carboxylic acid The first four aliphatic acids are completely miscible in water. Higher members are less soluble. Aromatic acids are insoluble in water. The boiling points of carboxylic acids indicate a greater degree than alcohols.

6. Acid Strength and Acid Structure

7. Preparation of carboxylic acids 1- Oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes

8. 2- Of Alkyl benzenes 3- Carbonation of Grignard Reagents

9. 4- Hydrolysis of nitriles

10. Reactions of Carboxylic Acids 1- Salts Formation

11. 2- Substitution of hydroxyl group

12. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Acid Chloride Ester Amide acid anhydride 1-Nomenclature of acid chloride ٌReplacing the –ic acid ending of the parent acid by –yl chloride: Ethanoyl chloride Benzoyl chloride Acetyl chloride

13. 2- Nomenclature of esters The alkyl group (R’) is named first followed by the name of the parent acid with the ending –ate in place –ic acid: Ethyl ethanoate Methyl benzoate Ethyl acetate

14. 3- Nomenclature of amide Replacing the ending oic acid of the parent acid’s by amide Ethanamide Benzamide Acetamide N,N-Dimethylmethamide N-Ethyl-N-methylbenzamide N,N-Dimethylformamide

15. 4- Nomenclature of anhydride An anhydride is named by replacing the word acid by anhydride. Ethanoic anhydride Benzoic anhydide Succinic anhydride

16. Reaction of Esters

17. Acid Chlorides: Reactions

18. Acid anhydride: Reactions

19. Reactions of Amides