1. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives

2. Required background: Aldehydes, ketones Acidity of alcohols Reaction mechanisms Essential for: Aminoacids, peptides

3. Outline 1. Acidity and basicity of carboxylic acids 2. Fischer esterification 3. Decarboxylation 4. Acyl substitution 5. Reduction of carboxylic acid derivatives 6. Condensation polymers 7. Overview of lipids 8. Claisen condensation

4. Carboxylic acids are stronger acids, than phenol, because the conjugate base (carboxylate) is stabilized by the delocalization of the negative charge between two electronegative oxygens.

5. Outline 1. Acidity and basicity of carboxylic acids 2. Fischer esterification 3. Decarboxylation 4. Acyl substitution 5. Reduction of carboxylic acid derivatives 6. Condensation polymers 7. Overview of lipids 8. Claisen condensation

7. Outline 1. Acidity and basicity of carboxylic acids 2. Fischer esterification 3. Decarboxylation 4. Acyl substitution 5. Reduction of carboxylic acid derivatives 6. Condensation polymers 7. Overview of lipids 8. Claisen condensation

9. Outline 1. Acidity and basicity of carboxylic acids 2. Fischer esterification 3. Decarboxylation 4. Acyl substitution 5. Reduction of carboxylic acid derivatives 6. Condensation polymers 7. Overview of lipids 8. Claisen condensation

10. Examples of carboxylic acid derivatives

11. Reactivity with nucleophiles is decreased by the stabilizing conjugation, which depends on the electron donating ability of X Acid chlorides > anhydrides > esters, acids > amides > nitriles > salts

13. Reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives with nucleophiles Reactions of acid chlorides

15. Reactions of anhydrides

16. Reactions of esters Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of esters is the reaction of esterification, going backwards. Hydrolysis of carboxylic acid derivatives

17. Outline 1. Acidity and basicity of carboxylic acids 2. Fischer esterification 3. Decarboxylation 4. Acyl substitution 5. Reduction of carboxylic acid derivatives 6. Condensation polymers 7. Overview of lipids 8. Claisen condensation

20. Outline 1. Acidity and basicity of carboxylic acids 2. Fischer esterification 3. Decarboxylation 4. Acyl substitution 5. Reduction of carboxylic acid derivatives 6. Condensation polymers 7. Overview of lipids 8. Claisen condensation

22. Outline 1. Acidity and basicity of carboxylic acids 2. Fischer esterification 3. Decarboxylation 4. Acyl substitution 5. Reduction of carboxylic acid derivatives 6. Condensation polymers 7. Overview of lipids 8. Claisen condensation

23. Lipids are compounds of biological origin that dissolve in nonpolar solvents, such as chloroform and diethyl ether. The name lipid comes from the Greek word lipos, for fat. Unlike carbohydrates and proteins, which are defined in terms of their structures, lipids are defined by the physical operation that we use to isolate them. Not surprisingly, then, lipids include a variety of structural types. Examples are the following

27. Outline 1. Acidity and basicity of carboxylic acids 2. Fischer esterification 3. Decarboxylation 4. Acyl substitution 5. Reduction of carboxylic acid derivatives 6. Condensation polymers 7. Overview of lipids 8. Claisen condensation

28. Claisen condensation