1. Functional Groups

2. An atom or group of atoms on a molecule that always reacts in the same manner.

3. The functional groups we will study Halocarbons Alcohols Ethers Aldehydes Ketones Amines Carboxylic acids Esters Amides

4. Halocarbons General form: R is any chain or ring attached to the halogen X is one of the halogens: Cl, F, Br, or I

5. Alkyl halide Halogen(s) attached to any aliphatic compound. 1,2-dichloropropane

6. Aryl halide A halogen attached to any aromatic compound. 1,3-dichlorobenzene (m-dichlorobenzene)

7. Alcohols General form: R is any chain or ring attached to the hydroxyl group O-H is a hydroxyl group

8. Naming alcohols 1.Count the carbon atoms. 2.The name used is the same as for alkanes. 3.Remove the –e ending and add –ol. 4.If necessary, identify the carbon atom to which the hydroxyl is attached. 11 carbon: methane 11 carbon alcohol: methanol

9. You try it! Name this alcohol: 1-Pentanol

10. You try it! Name this alcohol: 3-Pentanol

11. Ethers General Form: Note the central oxygen atom

12. Naming Ethers CCount the carbon atoms separately on either side of the oxygen. UUse the branch name for each side, listed alphabetically. AAdd the word “ether” to complete the name.

13. 11 carbon on left: 22 carbons on right: methyl ethyl oxygen atom in between ethylmethyl ether

14. You try it! Name this ether: ethylpropyl ether

15. Aldehydes General form: Contains a carbonyl group with one hydrogen carbonyl group hydrogen

16. Naming Aldehydes CCount the carbon atoms. UUse the same name as you would for an alkane with the same number of carbons. RRemove the –e at the end and replace it with –al.

17. ethanal carbonyl group 2 carbons hydrogen attached to carbonyl Ethane – e + -al =

18. Name this aldehyde You try it! butanal

19. Ketones General form: carbonyl group Chains or rings attached to either side of the carbonyl

20. Naming ketones CCount the carbon atoms. UUse the name of the alkane with the same number of carbons. NNumber the carbon atoms so that you identify the carbon to which the carbonyl is attached. RRemove the –e and add –one.

21. carbonyl group Four carbons = butane butane – e + one = 2-butanone carbonyl attached to 2 nd carbon Is a number really necessary for this ketone?

22. You try! Name this ketone: propanone Is a number necessary for this ketone?

23. Amines Amines are simply ammonia molecules in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been substituted with a branch or ring. General form: Central nitrogen atom R, R 1, and R 2 are either hydrogen atoms, branches, or rings.

24. Naming Amines LLook for the central nitrogen. CCount the number of carbons on each branch attached to the nitrogen. LList each branch by its name in alphabetical order. AAdd the word “amine” to the end of the name.

25. Central nitrogen ethyl group methyl group ethylmethyl amine

26. Central nitrogen ethyl group methyl group ethyldimethyl amine

27. You Try! Name this amine: diethyl amine

28. Carboxylic Acids General form: carbonyl group hydroxyl group When a carbonyl AND a hydroxyl are bonded together, it is known as a carboxyl group. carboxyl group

29. Naming Carboxylic Acids IIdentify the carboxyl group. CCount the carbon atoms. BBegin with the name of the alkane that has the same number of carbons. RRemove the –e and add –oic and the word “acid” to the name. IIf necessary, identify the carbon to which the carboxyl group is attached.

30. carboxyl group 1 carbon atom methane – e + oic acid = methanoic acid

31. You Try! propanoic acid

32. Name this carboxylic acid 2-methylpropanoic acid

33. 2,3-dimethylpentanoic acid

34. Noteworthy Carboxylic acids methanoic acid is called “formic acid” ethanoic acid is called “acetic acid” Stinging ants use formic acid as a defense mechanism. This is the acid found in vinegar.

35. Esters General Form: Ester group hydrogen is replaced by a chain or ring

36. Naming Esters NName the alkyl group IIdentify the ester group and use the acid name. RRemove the –ic and add –ate to the end.

37. ethanoate group methyl group (acetate group) methyl ethanoate or methyl acetate

38. Naming Esters Name this ester: propanoate group ethyl group ethyl propanoate

39. Amides General form: The oxygen in the carboxyl group is replaced by a nitrogen atom bonded to other atoms.

40. Naming Amides CCount the carbons. UUse the name of the alkane with the same number of carbons. RReplace the final –e with –amide.

41. 3 carbons = propane propane – e + amide = propanamide

42. You Try! Name this amide: butanamide

43. A Noteworthy Amide: If you’ve ever had a headache, chances are that you’ve taken this. This is acetaminophen. (Also labeled Tylenol .)