1. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY PestNaB: Presentation of pesticide risk indicator developed at national level in Denmark Christian Kjær Peter Borgen Sørensen

2. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY PestNaB ›It is suitable as a framework for a harmonised risk indicator because: ›It is flexible with respect to geographical coverage of data and variety of data and model types ›Can suggest most effective risk minimisation practises ›Can support setting up national action plan to reduce pesticide risk ›Visualise areas of concern (organisms at risk and areas of particularly concern) ›Incorporate new knowledge

3. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY PestNaB’s focus From EEA internal working paper, 2003: Environmental Indicators: Typology and Use in Reporting

4. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY Aim of a new improved indicator, PestNaB ›Make an indicator that can reflect the potential risk for nature due to application of pesticides ›Excluding ›Contamination of groundwater ›Risk for human health

5. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY Process ›Identify the most important and certain pesticide side effects ›Aggregate incomparable effect types in a reasonable way ›Aggregation method invented that meet the challenges by assessing hot spots of risk (when more potential effects are likely to occur simultaneously)

6. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY Basis of the indicator PestNaB ›Where are nature elements occurring? ›Where is the spraying occurring? ›Which pesticides has been sprayed? ›How toxic are these pesticides?

7. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY Basic unit for analysis Grids of 1 km 2

8. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY ›Information about fields: Crop type, geographical position etc. ›Information about nature: Type, position, distance to fields ›Average used amount for different crops (based on expert knowledge and sales numbers) Quadrate information

9. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY No.Exposure Sub ordinate indicatorProtection 1Within the agricultural fieldsMammalsTerrestrial nature within agricultural fields 2-Birds- 3-Bees- 4-Earthworms- 5-InsectsFood chain within agricultural field 6-Plants- 7Drift to terrestrial natureBees Terrestrial nature in the vicinity of agricultural fields 8-Arthropods- 9-Plants- Sub ordinate Indicators

10. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY No.ExposureSub ordinate IndicatorProtection 10LeachingAlgaeSurface water 11-Invertebrates- 12-Fishes- 13Drift to streamsAlgae- 14-Invertebrates- 15-Fishes- 16Drift to pondsAlgae- 17-Invertebrates- 18-Fishes- Sub ordinate Indicators

11. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY Sub ordinate indicator calculations a 1 m 2 x1,a x2,a x 3,a

12. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY Load n : Toxic load for endpoint n A : Grid area (m 2 ) Dose i,a :Mean yearly dose of active ingredient i and for square meter a in the grid Tox n,i :Toxicity selected for indicator n and active ingredient i x e,a : Distance for square meter number a i :Index for active ingredients I :Number if active ingredients a :Index for a specific square meter A :Number of square meters in the grid, - the area = 1000,000 m 2 e :Index for type of nature element (Streams/rivers, Ponds/lakes, Terrestrial) Indicator calculation in a quadrate For indicators where the transport pathway is spray drift

13. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY What do we do ›Compare all quadrates i one year with all quadrates in another year and separate result of comparison into three categories: ›all sub indicators agree on ›Year A > Year B ›Year A < Year B ›Unable to qualify such a statement because one or more indicators points opposite to the rest

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20. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY How to rank two scenarios, A and B A>B RS A>B : The Rank Strength for A>B In other words: We are counting risk level hotspots, where several indicators simultaneously are predicting high load

21. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY Scenario A:Application anno 2007 Scenario B:Application anno 2001 :293,854,077 389,177,853 :1,056,501,190 :196.420 RS A>B :-0,05 How to rank two scenarios, A and B

22. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY Categories of protection 2001 highest risk 2007 highest risk

23. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY Separate sub ordinate indicators RS Spray drift to terrestrial nature, plants0.29 Spray drift to terrestrial nature, arthropods0.24 Field area, food chain involving plants0.22 Field area, earthworms0.17 Field area, food chains involving insects0.03 Spray drift to streams, algae-0.07 Spray drift to ponds and lakes, algae-0.07 Field area, birds-0.11 Field area, bees-0.21 Spray drift to terrestrial nature, bees-0.23 Drain water, algae-0.28 Spray drift to streams, fish-0.36 Spray drift to ponds and lakes, fish-0.34 Field area, mammals-0.35 Drain water, fish-0.41 Spray drift to streams, invertebrates-0.51 Spray drift to ponds and lakes, invertebrates-0.51 Drain water, invertebrates-0.51 2001 higher toxic pressure 2007 higher

24. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY Assess potential for risk reduction PestNaB includes all means of management to reduce risk: ›Change in application rates (ex. convert to organic farming, use of reduced dosages) ›Change in rate of transport to ecosystem (unsprayed buffer zones etc.) ›Change in substance composition (substitution) ›Change in location of application including unsprayed buffer zones in the edge of fields

25. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY Testing means of risk reduction All Indicators Category of protection Within agricultural fields Terrestrial Outside agricultural fields Surface water No reduction compared to 2007 0.180.360.500.13 Non spraying zones (10 m) 0.150.360.280.13 Reduced spraying zones (20 m) 0.130.360.13 Substitution -0.02-0.060.06-0.19 Increased organic farming (from 2% to 4% of agricultural area) 0.170.330.470.12 Reduced usage of insecticides 0.100.110.210.09 All means jointly -0.13-0.09-0.21

26. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY Use in monitoring and science ›This type of indicator can aid the design of monitoring programmes and guide science to plan research activities that search for “real” adverse effects by answering following question: ›“Where do we expect effect are most likely to occur taking into account the uncertainty of the data background”

27. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY PestNaB analysis of year 2007. Individual grid rank using indicators for ecotoxicity in surface water ecosystems. Strongest hotspots Weaker hotspots No hotspots

28. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AARHUS UNIVERSITY Conclusion The PestNaB indicator can analyse ›Hot spot areas for pesticide risks ›Trends in the pesticide risk on a chosen scale ›Means of risk minimisation ›Fulfilment of objectives for risk minimisation ›Time trend (upward/downward) in the risk pressure The PestNaB indicator can facilitate ›Flexible application of different type of knowledge