1. 主 从 复 合 句

2. 定语从句 （ Attributive Clause ） 名词性从句（ Noun Clause ） 状语从句（ Adverbial Clause ） 主从复合句 :

3. 关系代词： 关系副词： that （主、宾、表；可指人或物） which （主、宾、表、定；只指物） who （主、宾；只指人） whom （宾；只指人） whose （定；可指人或物） as （主、宾、表） but （主、宾） when （时间状语） where （地点状语） why （原因状语） 定语从句 （ Attributive Clause ）

4. as 的用法 : 1. 引导非限制性定语从句, 其先行词多为整个主句 ; as 位置 比较灵活, 可位于主句前或主句后，还可以插入主句中。 Eg.) As we all know (=__________________ ), smoking does harm to health. =Smoking does harm to health, as we all know. =Smoking, as we all know, does harm to health. = ___ is known to all ____ smoking does harm to health. As is known to all It that

5. 2. 若先行词前有 ___________________ 作修饰语, 通常用 as 作关系代词。 Eg.) Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem ______ none of us worked out. Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an exam problem ______ none of us worked it out. You should give the watch to Lily. This watch is the same _______ she lost yesterday. I’m going to buy the same watch ____ he bought the other day. ( that; as; which; like ) the same, so, such as that as it

6. “ 介词 + 关系词 ” 引导定语从句 : Eg.) The palace _________ I often pay a visit dates from the 17 th century. The students, most _________ are from the north, are not used to the winter in Shanghai. We all stood on the top of the high building, ______ we could see the whole city. A. to which B. from that C. from where D. which to which of whom 介词的选择 : 一看先行词 ; 二看与从句谓语动词的搭配 ; 三看整个句子的意思.

7. 关系代词作定语： 例 : He won’t want to eat it unless he’s really hungry, in _____ case he’ll eat almost anything. A. what B. that C. whose D. which Eg.) Tom spent four years in college, during _______ time he learned French. I called him by the wrong name, for ______ mistake I should apologize. A mental patient is one ______ mind is diseased. The students are working hard at English, ___________ __________ _____________________________________ ___________ is known to all. which whose importance / the importance of which / of which the

8. 判断关系代词和关系副词 : Eg.) I still remember the day ______ / ____ ______ we first met. I’ll never forget the day __________ we spent together. That is the reason ___________ he explained to us for his action. The reason _____ / ____ _______ he was fired was _____ ( because, that ) he was careless. I like to take my vacation in the mountain, ______ is quiet and beautiful. I like to take my vacation in the mountain, ______ there are many plants. whenon which (that/which) whyfor which that which where

9. Is there a bus stop around which I can take a No. 3 bus? ______ where Eg.) You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ____ I disagree. (NMET 2004) A. why B. where C. what D. how where 用法知多少 : Where bees are, there is honey.._______ others are weak, he is strong. It’s none of your business where I spend my vacation. 地点状语 从句 名词性从句 Ex.) Finally we reached ______ was once an old temple ____ the villagers used as a school. A. where; that B.what; where C. what; which D. there; which Where

10. 名词性从句（ Noun Clause ） 主语从句 （ Subject Clause ） 表语从句 ( Predicative Clause) 宾语从句 （ Object Clause ） 同位语从句 （ Appositive Clause ）

11. Noun clause: 1.We all have a firm belief that hard work can make up for a lack of intelligence. 2.Women are playing an important role in what used to be considered “men’s territory”. 3.Did it ever occur to you that we should move to a warm climate? 4.That’s where a change is needed. that hard work can make up for a lack of intelligence. what used to be considered “men’s territory” that we should move to a warm climate where a change is needed 同位语从句 主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 从句必须使用陈述 语序

12. 名词性从句中的 “that” Eg.) It happened that it was raining heavily. I wish that she would understand me. The reason was that he felt unwell. The news that we have been invited to the conference is encouraging. ( 比较 : The news that he heard is a rumor.) There is no doubt that he is an excellent scholar. Word came that he would arrive late. 同位语从句 :

13. Eg.) He told me that he enjoyed his stay here and he wanted to settle down. We took it for granted the expenses would be low. I promised if anyone come to set me free, I would make him king over the earth. They told me once again this would never happen again. he never did such a thing I simply can’t believe. 在名词性从句中, 我们要掌握 that 的三个要点 : 1. 无词义 ; 2. 在从句中不作任何成分 ; 3. 可省略或不可省略的情况。 1. 在 ___________________ 从句中, that 一般均不可以省略。 ∧ that ∧ That ∧ that 2. 在宾语从句中 主语、表语和同位语, 在下列情况中 that 不可以省略：

14. what 从句的功能 : Eg.) I don’t understand ( ) all he has said mean. ( ) was once regarded impossible has become a reality. Our hometown is not ( ) it used to be. I have no idea ( ) we should do next. Years of hard work made her ( ) she is now. After years of hard work, she was made ( ) she is now. what What what

15. Our hometown is not what it used to be. = Our hometown is not the same _____ it used to be. = Our hometown is different from _____ it used to be. = Our hometown is not the one _____ it used to be. as what that

16. what 从句的功能 : Eg.) I don’t understand ( ) all he has said mean. ( ) was once regarded impossible has become a reality. Our hometown is not ( ) it used to be. I have no idea ( ) we should do next. Years of hard work made her ( ) she is now. After years of hard work, she was made ( ) she is now. what What what

17. Ex.)The small mountain village _____ we spent our holiday last month lies in ____ is now part of Hubei. A. which; where B. where; what C. that;which 注意 : 1. 在很多情况下, what 不能简单地译为 “ 什么 ”, 应根 据具体语境, 具体理解。 2. what 和 whatever 引导名词性从句的区别 : what 可以表示 the thing(s) 等特指含义 ; 而 whatever 相当于 anything that, 强调 “ 无论什么 ” 。 It’s generally considered unwise to give a child _________ he or she wants. Eg.)— Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game? — Oh, that’s ______ makes me feel excited. whatever what

18. However no matter + wh-/ how 与 wh-ever/however 的区别 : Eg.) No matter who knocks, don’t open the door. No matter how hot it is, he will not take off his coat. I’ll just say whatever comes to my mind. Whatever (= What ever ) are you doing there? Whoever

19. 状语从句（ Adverbial Clause ） · 时间状语从句 · 地点状语从句 · 原因状语从句 · 方式状语从句 · 结果状语从句 · 目的状语从句 · 条件状语从句 · 让步状语从句 · 比较状语从句

20. 时间状语从句 — when, while, as ; the moment/minute/instant; immediately/directly/instantly; hardly/scarcely …when; no sooner…than… before, after; until/till, not…until…; as soon as every/each/any/next/last time/the first time once, since

21. 地点状语从句 — 原因状语从句 — where, wherever because, since, as; now (that), in that, seeing (that) 方式状语从句 — 结果状语从句 — 目的状语从句 — 条件状语从句 — 让步状语从句 — 比较状语从句 — as; as if, as though so/such …that …; such that …;so that… in order that, so that, for fear that, lest, in case if, unless; in case; as/ so long as; on condition that; provided/providing; supposing/suppose; given; when, while although, though; no matter +wh-/how, wh-ever/however; even if, even though; when, while ， whether; than, as

22. although/ as /though 的用法 : Which of the following is right? _______ A.A child as he is, he can tell right from wrong. B.Child as he is, but he can tell right from wrong. C.Child though he is, yet he can tell right from wrong. D.Child although he is, he can tell right from wrong. _______________________ ( 尽管我很喜欢它 ), I will not buy the dress. _____________________ ( 尽管他会尝试 ), he might fail again. Much as / though I like it Try as/though he would

23. since 的用法 : — Aren’t you a college student? — ______. It’s two years since I was at college. A.No, I am B. Yes, I am C. No, I’m not D. Yes, I’m not

24. until & not …until… Eg.) It was until last year that he _________. A.came to realize the importance of learning English B.worked as a physics teacher at a middle school C.set out to build a new house of his own D.left his hometown for a new start A friend is never known until needed.

25. 一词多译的 “before”: Eg.) All things are difficult before they are easy. It was a long time before I got to sleep again. It won’t be long before we meet again. She had struggled to her feet before I ran over to her. Lock your bike before it gets stolen. I would shoot myself before I apologized to her.

26. when 的典型用法 : Eg.) When I called on her, she was playing the piano. 2. 常用于 be doing …/ be (just) about to do …/ had not been doing … when… Eg.) We were swimming in the lake when the storm started. We hadn’t been out for long when she felt sick. 3. 表示原因, “ 既然, 考虑到 ” =since Eg.) Why do you want a new job when you’ve got such a good one already? 1. 引导时间状语从句，表示 “ 当 …… 的时候 ” 。

27. 4. 表示条件, 相当于 “ if ” Eg.) How can I finish the job when he refuses to help me? 5. 表示让步, 相当于 “although” Eg.) The waitress brought me a coffee when I asked for a tea.

28. while 的用法 : n.) in a little while (every) once in a while It is worth (one’s )while to do /doing sth.

29. conj.) 1. 引导时间状语从句，其表示的时间只能是一段 : Eg.) I got hurt while (I was ) riding a bike. Eg.) He likes playing golf while his wife prefers playing tennis. Eg.) While I admit that there are problems, I don’t agree that they can’t be solved. Eg.) While there is life, there is hope. 2. 表示对比, “ 然而 ” 3. 表示让步, “ 尽管, 虽然 ” ( 多放于句首 ) 4. 表示条件, “ 只要 ”