1. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae What makes a plant a plant? Cell wall primarily of cellulose Starch as primary photosynthetic storage product Multicellular with tissue development Chl a, Chl b, xanthophylls, carotenoids

2. Plant evolution simplified Radiates from simple to more complex – in both form and environments Seedless non-vascular Seedless vascular Seed producing, vascular Seed producing, vascular, fruits/flowers

3. Semi-aquatic to more terrestrial Primitive plants –Everything from aquatic environment Gas, water, light, buoyancy support Complex plants –Adapt to two environments Shoot system Root system

4. Plants: categorized by structures and lifecycles… Alternation of Generations

5. Moss sporophytes and gametophytes gametophytes sporophytes

6. Moss antheridia Sperm

7. Moss antheridia w/sperm

8. Moss archegonia ovum

9. Moss archegonia 2 ova

10. Moss archegonia 3

11. Moss sporophytes

12. Moss capsule (sporophyte) Operculum Spores

13. Liverwort

14. Liverwort antheridiophore

15. Liverwort antheridiophore 2

16. Liverwort antheridia Antheridiophore sperm

17. Liverwort antheridia w/sperm

18. Liverwort archegoniophore

19. Liverwort archegonia w/ova Archegoniophore Archegonium ovum

20. Liverwort sporophyte Archegoniophore

21. Liverwort sporophyte 2 spores

22. Liverwort gemmae cups(cupules)

23. Gemmae cups (cupules) Gemma cup (cupule) gemma

24. Hornwort sporophytes gametophyte

25. Hornwort 2 “Horn –like” Sporophyte gametophyte

26. Tracheophytes ancestral e.g. Rhyniophyta Ferns and “fern allies” Seedless Vascular plants –Xylem composed of Tracheids – tapered porous cells capillary action moderately efficient Sporophyte dominant

27. Psilophyta

28. Psilophyta gametophyte

29. Lycophyta strobila leaves

30. Lycophyta strobilus megaspores microspores sporophylls

31. Lycophyta strobilus 2 megsporangium Microspores Megaspores

32. Lycophyta gametophyte

33. Sphenophyta strobilus

34. Sphenophyta strobilus

35. Sphenophyta gametophyte

36. Pterophyta sporophyte

37. Pterophyta sporophyte2

38. Fern frond w/ sori

39. Sori on fern leaflets

40. Sorus

41. Fern sporangia Sporangium Annulus Spores

42. Fern sporangia and spores

43. Fern gametophyte

45. Gametophyte w/antheridia Gametophyte (prothallus) Antheridiasperm

46. Antheridia w/sperm Antheridium sperm

47. Gametophyte w/archegonia Archegonia

48. Gametophyte w/archegonia 2 Archegonia

49. Archegonia on surface of prothallus

50. Fern sporangium and prothallus Sporophyte Gametophyte (prothallus)

51. Fern Life Cycle

52. Pine lifecycle a

53. Pine lifecycle b

54. Ovule to seed

55. Pinus staminate cones

56. Pinus Ovulate cone (mature)

57. Staminate cone with pollen Pollen grains (microspores or micorgametophytes)

58. Pinus microgametophytes (mature pollen grains) Generative nucleus Tube nucleus “Wing”

59. Pinus ovulate cone megasporophyll ovule

60. Pinus megasporophyll Megasporophyll Megaspore mother cell

61. Ovule w/megaspore mother cell Megaspore mother cell Ovule

62. Pinus Mega- gametophyte Ovule Ovum

63. Pollen tubes

64. Pollen tube 2 Ovule (megagametophyte)

65. Pinus seed Haploid endosperm (gametophyte tissue)

66. Cycadophyta (male)

67. Cycadophyta

68. Cycadophyta ovulate cones

69. Ginkgophyta

70. Ginkgophyta leaves

71. Ginkgo ovules/seeds (naked) ovules (naked) seeds

72. Ginkgo staminate cones

73. Gnetophyta Welwitschia mirabilis found in Angolan desert “desert onion”

74. Gnetophyta/Ephedra

75. Angiosperms Flowering Plants Seeds in a fruit (angio = container) Double fertilization (see life cycle) Like other pollen producers, is not dependent on water for fertilization

76. Flower

77. Flower structure (carpel) (corolla) (calyx)

78. Inflorescences

79. Anther1

80. Anther 2

81. Dehiscing anther Pollen grains

82. Angiosperm lifecycle

83. Mature pollen grains

84. Lilium ovary (immature)

85. Lilium ovule ovule Megagametophyte (embryo sac) funiculus

86. Dicot Seed E A= plumule B= hypocotyl C = cotyledon D = testa E = radicle

87. Dicot seed germination Radicle

88. Monocot seed Plumule Radicle Cotyledon Endosperm Embryo Testa

89. Monocot seed germination

90. Vascular tissue Transport water, nutrients and food between roots and shoots System of xylem and phloem cells Varied organization in roots & shoots

91. Xylem cells Tracheids –Tapered, pits on ends, less capillary action vs. vessel elements –Primitive plants Vessel elements –Pits on sides, open ends –Stacked to form long tubes –Advanced capillary action –Less primitive plants Transpiration –Roots → shoots → leaves → out

92. Phloem cells Sieve tubes –no nucleus nor organelles –Open sieve plates Companion cells –Nucleated –Adjoined to sieve tubes via plasmodesmata –Controls sieve tubes; regulates movement Translocation –Movement of sugars; sources to sinks leaves → roots, fruits, &/or meristems

93. Plant Structure Apical meristem –Mitotic division –Stem & root tips –Primary growth (length) Ground meristem –Mitotic division –Ground tissues: Parenchyma – large; storage Collenchyma – smaller; flexible support Schlerenchyma – lignified; rigid support; woody Cambium –Mitotic secondary growth –e.g. Vascular cambium –e.g. Cork cambium

94. Leaf bud Ground meristem

95. Leaf bud Apical meristem –Mitotic embryonic tissue of stems and root tips –Primary growth (linear Provascular tissue Ground meristem Apical meristem

96. Monocot root Dicot root Vascular bundles centered in roots Cortex = outer layer Pith = center tissue Stele = pith + vascular tissue

97. Monocot root 2 Parenchyma Pith (Parenchyma)

98. Monocot root 3 Endodermis

99. Dicot root 2 Parenchyma

100. Dicot root 3 Endodermis and casparian strip Pericycle Phloem Xylem Vascular cambium

101. Vascular bundles –Xylem, phloem, and cambium in between –Scattered throughout monocot stems –Organized around periphery of dicots Cambium –Mitotic secondary growth –e.g. Vascular cambium –e.g. Cork cambium

102. Monocot stem

103. Monocot stem 2 Sclerenchyma Phloem Sieve element Companion cell Xylem vessel Air space Inside Outside

104. Dicot stem

105. Dicot stem 2 sclerenchyma Vascular cambium phloem

106. Woody stem Summerwood Springwood

107. Woody stem 2 Vascular cambium Phloem Phloem ray Xylem Cork

108. Woody stem 3 Cork (collenchyma tissue) Vascular cambium

109. Fruit – ripened ovary that protects the seeds Ripened? Layers of the ovary –Pericarp –Mesocarp –Endocarp

110. Fleshy fruits One or more ovarian layer is fleshy –Drupe Endocarp is hardened; pit or stone Peaches, nectarines, apricots, etc –Berry All or most pericarp is fleshy Grape, tomato, etc –Pepo Berry with hard thick rind Melons, pumpkins, etc –Hesperidium Berry with leathery rind Citrus –Pome Swollen receptacle around ovary or core Apple, pear

111. Dry fruits Lacks fleshy tissue –Dehiscent fruits Split along a seam to disperse seeds Legumes – two seams Capsules – multiple seams Bean, pea pods, peanuts, etc –Indehiscent Do not split on a seam Achenes, grains, nuts Corn, wheat, etc

112. Simple fruits –Single ovary of one flower Aggregate fruits –Many ovaries of one flower Multiple fruits –Many ovaries of many clustered flowers (inflorescence) Accessory fruits –Tissue other than ovary ripens (swollen)