1. Tau Now D.Fargion D.D’armientoP.Oliva Tau Now 25' PeV neutrino has been found in ICECUBE. The mixing along galactic distance guarantee the presence of PeV Tau neutrinos among astrophysical signals, whose direct detection is subject of deep research since a decade at different UHECR experiments, mostly at EeV energies; these UHE tau neutrino while skimming the Earth (Horizontal Tau airshowers) may shower upward to the sky. The EeV tau neutrino are a guaranteed GZK signal if UHECR are nucleons: But if they are mostly light nuclei as we advocated since 2008, the expected photo_nuclear dissociation (GZK_He) signals is at PeVs. Therefore, kwowing their angular distribution and rate, we propose here a novel detection signature that has not been yet considered. The signal, may be already recorded in AUGER and TA records. History and UHECR connections KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion1

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3. Tau Birth dates : the Tau Time is very running.. Perl, M. L.;. et al. (1975). "Evidence for Anomalous Lepton Production in e+e− Annihilation".Physical Review Letters 35 (22): 1489..Physical Review Letters Martin PerlMartin Perl shared the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics with Frederick ReinesNobel Prize in PhysicsFrederick Reines KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion3

4. Tau Airshower 1995-2000: Tau Airshower 1994-1995 Tau Double Bang : 1994-1995 Tau Double Bang Detecting Nutau Oscillations as PeV Energies hep-ph/9405296, di JG Learned - ‎1994 - ‎ astro-ph/9906450 Horizontal Tau astro-ph/9906450 air showers from mountains in deep valley. Traces of UHECR neutrino tau Daniele Fargion, Andrea Aiello, Roberto Conversano Daniele FargionAndrea AielloRoberto Conversano 26th ICRC,He 6.1.09, p.396-398.1999. astro-ph/0002453, DF, Discovering Ultra High Energy astro-ph/0002453 Neutrinos by Horizontal and Upward tau Air-Showers: Evidences in Terrestrial Gamma Flashes? Astrophys.J.570:909-925,2002 KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion4

5. The real theoretical tool D. F., P.G. De Sanctis Lucentini, M. De Santis. M.GrossiP.G. De Sanctis LucentiniM. De Santis. M.Grossi Upward Tau Air Showers from Earth Upward Tau Air Showers from Earth Astrophys.J. 613 (2004) 1285-1301 Journal-ref: Astrophys.J. 613 (2004) 1285-1301 KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion5

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7. Tau Upward and Horizontal KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion7

8. Leptons and Neutrinos Now https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_(particle) KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion8

9. SN 1987A atmospheric neutrino.. Neutrino by Sun, SN 1987A and CR: atmospheric neutrino.. Remember: tau mass energy threshold 4 GeV Remember: tau oscillation max across the Earth See: Beaming Neutrino across the Earth 2012 ApJ DF REMEMBER: SOLAR NEUTRINO FLARE Gadolinium for Relic SN and Solar neutrino flare KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion9

10. Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata Matrix KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion10

11. The Yukawa puzzle and the neutrino mass splitting and their mix angle KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion11

12. KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion12

13. SK MIXING (1997-98) OFFERING to TAU a chance KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion13 The Astrophysical Journal, 570:909-925, 2002 May 10. Discovering Ultra High Energy Neutrinos Through Horizontal and Upward Air Showers: Evidence inTerrestrial Gamma Flashes? Received 1997 November 11;arxiv Feb 2000 D. Fargion 1,2 Received 1997 November 11;arxiv Feb 2000 1,2 accepted 2002 January 22 2002: Tau by AUGER Bertou; 2002 Skimming neutrino by Feng,Wilzeck..

14. Tau Neutrino Astronomy Why Tau is better? Why Tau is better? A fine tuned gift by Nature… Neutrino electron do not leave long trace+ atmospheric Muon is very penetrating, but unique (no-shower) + atmospheric Both electron and muon are mainly atmospheri Both electron and muon are mainly atmospheric Tau, is not atmospheric above 100GeV Tau, even with mixing, is not atmospheric above 100GeV.. tau track is longer and is..overcoming muon track makes tau AIR-SHOWER and once in air it makes tau AIR-SHOWER :: A NATURAL neutrino AMPLIFIER, BOTH IN NUMBER AND IN SIZE…making easy the detection. Tau neutrino may naturally be born by muon or electron by random oscillation and mix along interstellar and galactic distances: possible by Tiny neutrino mass splitting…(if neutrino mass splitting was larger or much small, or if tau was much or less heavier..no such a miracle....a gift A tau Airshower possibility )..a miracle....a gift KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion14

15. Tau EeV winning lenghts KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion15

16. Updated tau Propagation lenght KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion16

17. ICECUBE 4 years:_ASTROPHYSICS hope KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion17

18. ICECUBE neutrino in summer: Finally an 4.5 PeV neutrino KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion18

19. Atmosphere noise ruling KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion19

20. ASHRA at the top in Hawaii-2005-2015 PeVs Tau Cherenkov, see also Gora et all, 2015. and DF et al 2007-8 KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion20

21. KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion21

22. Tau appearence 2015 Discovery of the TAU Neutrino appearance fifth 2015 The first tau neutrino was observed in 2010. The second and third events were reported in 2012 and 2013, respectively, while the fourth one was published in 2014. The last fifth 2015 OPERA-CERN. By OPERA-CERN. Much interesting a Beaming neutrino across The Earth for tau and anti-tau appearance test DF et all Apj 2012 KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion22

23. Absence of tau evidence in ICECUBE..NOW Search for Astrophysical Tau Neutrinos in Three Years of IceCube Data 21 Sep 2015 arXiv:1509.06212v1 - 21 Sep 2015 KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion23

24. Tau Bounds …….. KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion24

25. UHE Tau Airshower anisotropy KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion25

26. Earth density profile: The Earth Shadow KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion26

27. Earth Shadow KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion27

28. Rock or water? KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion28

29. Hadron and lepton interactions KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion29

30. Energy losses KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion30

31. Propagation lenght KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion31

32. Area Volume effective mass KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion32

33. Rates in 3 years WB KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion33

34. The real rate: Ground and Fluorescence KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion34

35. Angular distribution KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion35

36. Glashow 6.3 PeV resonance events KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion36

37. All event flux for square km KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion37

38. Part of the subject REFLECTING tau PeV airshower KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion38

39. Cloud screen KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion39

40. Up Tau Airshower KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion40

41. Up going tau Cherenkov flash every three years Nearly or above 20 PeVs events skimming upward by tau each year in AUGER area Nearly 2000 or more at PeV energy muons escape upward Nearly or above 100 million (500 GeV) muons escape each year from AUGER upward No muon might shine detectable only a small TeV fraction on the clouds Fluorescence detector may observe 30 % of cloudy days nights, at least 10% are ideal to see reflected Cherenkov flash of upward tau KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion41

42. Inclined signature: splitting e, mu beams KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion42

43. CORONAL crown for JEM EUSO Upward Tau at PeVs Euso might also observe along a wide corona the upgoing inclined PeV –tens PeV taus whose Cherenkov beamed (one-few degree) flash is comparable to ten EeV downward Cherenkov reflection for UHECR…It may..it must be observable as being a large wide (diluted) photon shower at 1000 km distances The signal might be a complementary search of tens EeV UHECR observable just into inner vertical cone 400 km in..peculiar geometry in action.. KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion43

44. Conclusions Tau at Pevs should be seen by cherenkov flashes at horizons in the night on clouds The AUGER area observed by PeV a Cherenkov reflected event on clouds is comparable with the area of a EeV fluorescence event: at least two event a year might be observed as a Tau PeV event each year (if they did recorded it they may have the AUGER signal record). TA might be able to observe one tau every two years. CTA and other array too. Tau might be observed by multi water tank or air telescope array in mountains or better, vulcanos, making the X-muon-radiography of mountain and the up-tau airshower search from Earth. AUGER fluorescence telescope array, as well CTA and any telescope might inspect clouds in the nights, discovering rare upgoing airshower reflections as a first road to tau neutrino astronomy KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion44

45. Thank you for the kind attention KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion45

46. ref KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion46

47. KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion47

48. KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion48

49. Mixing and MSW inside the Earth KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion49

50. Cross sections (Reno et all) KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion50

51. Beaming across the Earth KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion51

52. Old limits by AUGER 2009-2011 KIIA_28_SEPT_2015_Fargion52