1. M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526 Issues on Clinical Engineering in Developing Countries (Continued) Prof. M. Frize, P. Eng., O.C. ELG5123/94.526

2. M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526 A Model: Morocco (1986-2000) 1986: UNDP funds a study and project on equipment maintenance in public hospitals 1990: A study of existing services and state of project progress (Cornillot/Frize) 1992: A re-design of the project (Cornillot/Frize)

3. M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526 A Model: Morocco (1986-2000) 1994: Assessment of progress and fine-tuning of project design (Frize) 1996 and 1998: Assessment of progress (Frize) 2000: Final assessment and recommendations (Frize)

4. M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526 Model… continued 1986: biomedical and technical infrastructure together; few human resources or materials 1990/1992: Development of a regional service concept (with 7 major regions, based on country’s largest division scale); BME separate

5. M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526 Model… continued 1994: Re-design into 16 regions (63 provinces) including 3 in the Sahara; and 3 pilot regions (Fes, Marrakech, Agadir) 1996: Other pilot regions (Casablanca, Meknes)

6. M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526 Model… continued 1998: Regions now offer peripheral services but no more separation of two service types 2000: There remain some problems of coordination, loss of several key engineers

7. M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526 Current status Morale still low for engineers and technicians Budgets now de-centralised to some extent, which will help Cars are shared and accessed on a reasonable basis More test equipment and spare parts More knowledge and training More staff (techs and engineers)

8. M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526 Results Idle equipment less than 30 percent (due mainly to old equipment still in inventory) Physicians and administrators fairly satisfied with service levels Engineers and technicians paid a little more and have slightly more recognition (appreciation)

9. M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526 Improvements needed Need more incentives (travel allowances, etc) Better salaries and especially career progression Need more and better communication between central team and regional teams and with each other Need more visible appreciation from physicians in charge

10. M. Frize, ELG5123/94.526 Conclusion Moroccan model would be of great benefit to many developing countries Developed countries need to rethink how they can help National policies are critical Incentives for career development and better salaries essential Must integrate local culture and needs with western expertise and help