1. Intervention for Chronic and Emergency Exposure Situations Developing a National Capability for Response Emergency Response Plans Lecture IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources

2. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response2 Introduction l The Chernobyl and Goiânia accidents have resulted in a re-examination of many emergency planning principles and practices l This lesson provides a practical step-by- step method for developing integrated operator, local and national radiation emergency response plans

3. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response3 Content l Basic concepts n Planning areas and zones n Planning levels and responsibilities n Emergency classes and conditions n Integrated planning concept l Planning methodology n Ten tasks l Summary

4. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response4 Background l The range of potential radiation accidents is enormous, ranging n From a major reactor accident n To accidents involving small amounts of radioactive material l A minimum level of planning is appropriate in every country, even in those without any known radiological activities

5. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response5 Background – Cont’d l The response to radiation emergency is basically the same as the response to any accident involving hazardous material l Planning on the basis of established principles of radiation protection and safety is essential l Provisions should be developed to identify potential radiological hazards l Radiological plans should be incorporated into plans for all types of hazardous materials

6. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response6 Threat Categories Threat Category Radiological Threat I Severe deterministic health effects off-site II Warranting urgent protective actions off-site, deterministic health effects on-site III No urgent protective actions off-site are warranted, severe deterministic health effects on-site IV Minimum level of threat – all countries V Food contamination due to transboundary contamination necessitating food restrictions

7. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response7 Planning Areas and Zones l Areas n On-site area n Off-site area l Zones n Precautionary Action Zone (PAZ) n Urgent Protective Action Planning Zone (UPZ) l Food restrictions planning distance

8. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response8 Concept of Emergency Planning Zones Country B National Border Country A URGENT PROTECTIVE ACTION PLANNING ZONE (UPZ) PRECAUTIONARY ACTION ZONE (PAZ) ON-SITE

9. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response9 Response and Planning Zones Sizes FacilityPAZUPZFRPD Category I 3 – 5 km 10 – 25 km 500 – 1000 km Category II On-site 0.5 – 2 km 10 – 50 km Category III On-site Not required PAZ – Precautionary Action Zone UPZ – Urgent Protective Planning Zone FRPD – Food Restrictions Planning Distance

10. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response10 Planning Levels l Effective emergency response requires mutually supportive and integrated emergency planning at three levels: n Operator level n Off-site level n International level

11. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response11 Emergency Classes l General emergency l Site area emergency l Facility emergency l Alert l Uncontrolled source emergency

12. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response12 International Nuclear Events Scale l INES is designed to indicate how serious an event was after it is understood

13. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response13 Integrated Planning Concept

14. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response14 Planning Metodology l The planning methodology is n Modular n Based on extensive consultation n Iterative

15. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response15 The Tasks Tasks Implementation Time Designate National PC 1. National policy review 2. Perform a threat assessment 3. Develop the planning basis 4. Allocate responsibilities 5. Develop an interim capability 6. Write the NREP 7. Present the NREP 8. Implement detailed plans 9. Test the capability 10. Establish ongoing maintenance

16. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response16 Getting Started l Designate a single overall National Emergency Planning (EP) Coordinator n In-depth technical and operational knowledge of emergency preparedness and response n At the early stage involving all parties who have an interest in the development of emergency plan

17. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response17 Task 1 – National Policy Review l A list of the national laws or Acts for emergencies l International agreements l A description of roles, responsibilities and capabilities of n Major national ministries n Local governments and operators l A description of integration into the planning for other types of emergencies

18. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response18 Task 2 – Perform a Threat Assessment l Conduct a national threat assessment to identify practices and facilities that may possibly necessitate emergency interventions within the country l Include facilities outside the country l Determine the level of preparedness required by determining which threat categories apply

19. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response19 Application of Threat Categories UPZ All countries IV Food restrictions planning areas V+IV Urgent Protective Action Planning Zone I or II and V+IV Precautionary Action Zone I and V+IV On-site: I or II or III On-site PAZ Threat category IV as a minimum for all countries All countries within food restrictions planning areas

20. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response20 Task 3 – Develop the Planning Basis l Gather and document information about the possible accidents and local areas n Operator information n Off-site information n Off-site environmental conditions l Describe the information in the NREP

21. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response21 Task 4 – Allocate Responsibilities l Develop a basic concept of operations describing the response to each basically different accident type l Determine and assign the roles and responsibilities of each group, organisation or individual involved in emergency preparedness and response

22. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response22 Task 5 – Develop an Interim Capability l Establish an interim emergency response capability l Establish a notification point where potential radiation emergencies can be reported and assistance obtained l This task should not be overlooked

23. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response23 Task 6 – Write National Emergency Plan l Develop a national radiation emergency response plan l The plan is a summary of the more detailed plans l It assures that all the other planning is integrated and compatible l The NREP should address all the facilities and jurisdictions identified in task 2 l In developing the plan, consider the data gathered in tasks 1, 2, 3 and 4

24. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response24 Task 7 – Present National Emergency Plan l Give formal presentations to the organisations that may be involved, directly or indirectly, in the maintenance and implementation of the plan l This will achieve a common understanding of the response concepts and principles l It will allow unforeseen issues to be raised and resolved before they become real difficulties

25. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response25 Task 8 – Implement Detailed Plans l Develop the infrastructure and functional capabilities needed to implement the NREP for each facility and jurisdiction identified in task 2 l This will include plans, procedures, staff, organisation, facilities, equipment and training l A group should be assigned the responsibility to assist and help in this effort

26. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response26 Task 9 – Test the Capability l Conduct drills and exercises n Drills provide training n Exercises test and verify the adequacy of entire system to include the plans, procedures, facilities, equipment and training l Identify and correct deficiencies

27. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response27 Task 10 – Implement Ongoing Maintenance l Ensure that the emergency response capability is maintained and periodically validated l All groups should develop the means to maintain and update the emergency response programme, including the following: n a review of plan and procedures n a review of training programme n an exercise programme n a feed-back process for lessons learned during exercises and real emergencies

28. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response28 Remember A long-term staff and budget must be provided to ensure that the capability is maintained

29. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response29 Summary l A minimum level of planning is appropriate in every country l Effective emergency response requires mutually supportive and integrated emergency planning l There are ten tasks to develop and implement emergency response capability l Plans are dynamic documents

30. Module X.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response30 Where to Get More Information INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY Method for the development of emergency response preparedness for nuclear or radiological accidents IAEA-TECDOC-953, Vienna (new addition, 2001)