1. Chapter 21, Section 3

2.  When American planes detected radiation above the Soviet Union, they realized they were no longer the only country with atomic weaponry.  Truman responded to this threat by calling for the development of a hydrogen bomb. Its development began an arms race between the two countries.  It was hoped by both countries that the threat of mutually assured destruction would deter each side from using their atomic weapons.

4.  When Dwight D. Eisenhower took over after Truman, he understood both the military and political aspects of war.  Eisenhower and his secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, favored a new form of foreign policy.  This idea would become known as massive retaliation, in which the United States promised to respond to Communist threats with full force. ▪ Dulles’ policy of going to the “brink of war” to protect allies was known as brinkmanship.

5.  Upon Joseph Stalin’s death, Nikita Krushchev emerged as the leader of the Soviet Union.

6.  The “peaceful co-existence” talks between Krushchev and Eisenhower encouraged some of the countries behind the ‘iron curtain’ to gain their independence.  Two uprisings took place—one in Poland, one in Hungary. ▪ Hungarian students led an uprising against communism. Krushchev sent numerous troops to execute the leaders. ▪ This violated what?

7.  When Gamal Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, taking it under Egyptian control, both Britain and France were upset.  As Israel invaded in 1956, Eisenhower refused to support his Western allies. Counting on U.S. support, Britain and France withdrew their troops. This ended the Suez Crisis.

8.  The Eisenhower Doctrine stated that the U.S. would use force to help any Middle Eastern nation threatened by communism.  The Central Intelligence Agency was formed to be an intelligence-gathering agency. They exerted influence in Iran and Guatemala in the 1950s. This created long-term resentment of the U.S.

9.  The launch of the Soviet satellite, Sputnik, set off a ‘space race’ between the Soviet Union and the U.S. The two responses by the federal government were: ▪ More money devoted to science and math education through the National Defense Education Act; ▪ Creation of NASA– National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

10.  How did the United States’ influence expand around the world under Eisenhower?