1. How did NATO and the Warsaw Pact develop superpower relations between 1949-55? Learning Focus 1.To Identify the objectives of NATO 2.To critically assess NATO’s impacts 3.To consider the importance of the arms race in the development of the Cold War Keywords: NATO= North Atlantic Treaty Organisation LINKS: LINKAGES backwards; Berlin Blockade/Airlift, Marshall Plan, Atom bomb, Iron Curtain LINKAGES forward; Nuclear arms race CONSEQUENCE; NATO = consequence of the Berlin Blockade/Airlift, Warsaw Pact = consequence of NATO Unit 1:The Cold War – Key Topic 1

2. Reading Comprehension Read through page 20 and answer the following questions. Why was NATO established: Who was involved in NATO: What was it’s purpose: When was it created: How did it mean to achieve its aims: Why was its formation significant:

3. Interpretations: Source Analysis and Evaluation Source B “Like others, my country has had forced upon it the task of fighting two world wars against aggression within a quarter of a century. Today will bring a feeling of relief. At last democracy is no longer a series of isolated units.” Ernest Bevin speaking on the formation of NATO Source C “The North Atlantic Treaty is not about self-defence of states. These states are not threatened by anyone and no one intends to attack them. On the contrary, the Treaty has an aggressive characteristic and is aimed against the USSR.” Soviet protest not on the formation of NATO

4. Reading Comprehension Read through page 20 and answer make a comparison between NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Who was involved in the Warsaw Pact: What was it’s purpose: When was it created: How did it mean to achieve its aims: Why was its formation significant:

5. Reading Comprehension Read through page 20 and answer the following questions. Why was the arms race an important feature of the Cold War? ( what did it include) When did both the USA and USSR develop nuclear bombs? How did hydrogen and other weapons develop? Why was the arms race significant?

6. Hungary under Soviet rule: liberation and oppression? Learning Focus 1.To Identify the effect of Soviet rule on Hungary 2.To critically assess the causes and consequences of “de-Stalinisation” 3.To consider the impact of the Hungarian revolt of 1956 LINKS: Unit 1:The Cold War – Key Topic 1

8. Recap: Context 1946: all eastern European countries (aside from Greece and Czech) communist Cold War starts with Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech 1947: Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan Cominform created 1948: First conflict of the Cold War; Berlin Blockade and airlift Comecon created 1949: East and West Germany created NATO created What is the greatest danger to the USSR?

9. Notes: Problems in Hungary 1949-56: Hungary led dictator, Matayas Rakosi – Stalin’s ‘best pupil’ or the ‘Bald Butcher’ Restrictions imposed Hungarians resented; – censorship/lose of freedom of speech – Russian language used – Control by Soviet troops and officials Even worse, had to pay for Soviet troops! Lived in fear of the secret police – Cominform had imprisoned 5% of Hungarians

10. Task 1: Story Board Step 1 Step 1: Read through your sheet and pages 22- 25. Condense events into 8 frames on your storyboard. Include a description and a picture. Step 2 Step 2: Create a one word ‘Caption’ or ‘Title’ for each frame. Identify 2 causes, consequences and outcomes of the Hungarian Revolt. Step 3 Step 3: Which of Nagy’s proposed changes do you think would have been the greatest threat to the USSR? Explain

11. Helpful Hints: Matayas Rakosi Imre Nagy Joseph Stalin Nikita Khrushchev

12. Hungary under Soviet Control Khrushchev's Secrete Speech and October 23 1956 Imre Nagy become Prime Minister 4 Nov 1956 Russian Tanks in Budapest American Reponses: Understand: Move around the room to compete the class ‘story board’

14. Be able to: Consequences of Hungarian Uprising What was the impact of the uprising? 1. Hundreds of tanks went into Budapest and probably 30,000 people were killed. To flee the expected Soviet reprisals, probably 200,000 fled to the west leaving all they possessed in Hungary. This served to increase the tension between the two superpowers. 2. Nagy was tried and executed and buried in an unmarked grave. By November 14th, order had been restored. Kadar was put in charge. Soviet rule was re-established. The Americans had given them no them options. This sent a clear message to the rest of the Eastern Bloc that despite the change in leadership = no challenge or dissention would be tolerated. 3. President Eisenhower of USA said "I feel with the Hungarian people." J F Dulles, American Secretary of State, said "To all those suffering under communist slavery, let us say you can count on us." But America did nothing more. So why did Europe and America do nothing except offer moral support and condemn Russia ? 1.Because of the geographic location of Hungary, how could you actually help without resorting to war? (Unlike Korea) Both sides in the Cold War were nuclear powers and the risks were too great. Any economic boycott of the Soviet Union would have been pointless as Russia took what it needed from the countries it occupied. 2.The Americans offered $20 million worth of aid to Hungary and allowed 80,000 Hungarians refugee status. USA officially condemned the invasion but nothing more. Many European left their respective Communist parties. 3.Spain, the Netherlands and Sweden boycotted the Olympic Games in 1956 in protest. 4.The limits of USA involvement was now clear – it stopped at military intervention. 5.The Suez Crisis, which took place at the same time, was considered far more important and of greater relevance to the west than the suffering of the Hungarians. Hence why Britain, France and America concentrated their resources on this crisis.(Echoes of ‘self interest’ of the 1920s?)

15. Exam question Explain why relations between the Soviet Union and the USA changed in the years 1943-1956. (13 marks) You may use the following in your answer. -Roosevelt’s death -The effects of the Truman Doctrine You must also include information of your own