1. Inuits in Nunavut, Canada, construct an igloo. Colonization and immigration have given Canada great cultural diversity. This multiculturalism has proven to be both a strength and a challenge. NEXT Unit 2 Canada Today

2. O Canada! Immigrant Roots SECTION 1 A Constitutional Monarchy SECTION 2 Canada’s Economy SECTION 3 A Multicultural Society SECTION 4 NEXT Canada Today

3. Section 1 O Canada! Immigrant Roots Canada’s population includes many groups of people from different lands who retain their cultural identities. NEXT

4. Who Are the Canadians? From Many Countries Canada has more than 50 ethnic groups Two-thirds have European ancestry - 40% of British heritage, 25% of French heritage Other backgrounds include German, Italian, Ukrainian - people also come from nations in Africa, Asia Under 5% are people of the First Nations O Canada! Immigrant Roots 1 SECTION NEXT

5. Settlers from Asia People have been in North America for at least 12,000 years In the past, lower ocean levels connected Asia, North America People crossed the Bering Strait land bridge, settled the Americas First Nations—Canadian descendants of first Asian settlers - Inuits, other native people make up half the Arctic north population - Cree, Micmac, Abenaki, Ojibwa live in south, near U.S. border The First Nations NEXT 1 SECTION Interactive Image Chart

6. The French and Indian War Major European settlement begins in 1600s - Britain, France establish colonies French and Indian War fought from 1754-1763 - France loses; Britain takes over most Canadian territory - many French remain, continue disputes with British settlers European Immigrants NEXT 1 SECTION Continued...

7. Canada and the United Kingdom In 1791, British divide Canada into two areas: - Upper Canada, now Ontario, is mostly British - Lower Canada, now Quebec, is mostly French In 1867, Dominion of Canada includes Nova Scotia, New Brunswick - Manitoba, Alberta, Saskatchewan, British Columbia are soon added Now part of Commonwealth of Nations, but not legally tied to Britain continued European Immigrants NEXT 1 SECTION Continued...

8. Later Immigrants Early immigrants were mostly English, Scottish, Irish, French After WWI, others arrive from Italy, Poland, Ukraine Germans, Dutch settle in Ontario, British Columbia after WWII In 1960s, new immigration laws are passed - people arrive from Africa, Latin America, Asia, Pacific Islands NEXT 1 SECTION Continued... continued European Immigrants Image

9. A Multicultural Country French and English Canadians keep separate identities, languages - other Canadian groups also retain their homeland traditions Canada has policy of multiculturalism— acceptance of many cultures As in the U.S., Canadian citizens vote, participate in legal system - have freedom of religion, speech, assembly - equal protection and treatment under the law Canadian Citizens and Citizenship NEXT 1 SECTION

10. A Small Population in a Large Area Relatively small population of 31 million Three-fourths live in southern cities, towns South has convenient transportation - Great Lakes, St. Lawrence Seaway, rivers, good railway system Some farm central prairies, others live in coastal port cities Few live in rugged, cold northern regions Where Do Most Canadians Live? NEXT 1 SECTION Map Continued...

11. Vancouver, Gateway to the Pacific Vancouver is Canada’s largest port—trades heavily with Asia Many Chinese, Japanese arrive in late 20th century - also Vietnamese, Laotians, Cambodians Refugees—people who flee a country due to war, disaster, persecution continued Where Do Most Canadians Live? NEXT 1 SECTION Image Continued...

12. Toronto, City of Immigrants Toronto, Ontario’s capital, is home to 25% of Canada’s immigrants Over 70,000 immigrants arrive each year from over 100 countries 40% of population is foreign born, 10% arrived after 1991 City is center of industry, international trade continued Where Do Most Canadians Live? NEXT 1 SECTION

13. Section 2 A Constitutional Monarchy Canada is a democracy that protects the rights of individuals and of different cultures. NEXT

14. 2 SECTION A Nation of Provinces and Territories Levels of Government Canada has ten provinces, three territories Central government handles defense, trade and banking, immigration - also criminal law, postal service Provincial governments handle education, hospitals, taxes Territorial governments have few responsibilities A Constitutional Monarchy NEXT

15. 2 SECTION A Constitutional Monarchy Constitutional monarchy—constitution explains government powers - owes allegiance to a monarch—a king or queen Organization of Canada’s Government NEXT Continued... Head of State British monarch is Canada ’ s head of state - selects governor-general as representative Monarch, governor-general have little real power - represent historical traditions Chart

16. 2 SECTION Legislature Parliament—House of Commons and Senate— is Canada’s legislature Citizens elect members of House of Commons Leader of largest Commons party is prime minister - the prime minister is the head of government - runs the executive branch within the legislature Senators are chosen from provinces, territories by prime minister continued Organization of Canada’s Government NEXT Continued... Image

17. 2 SECTION Judiciary Canada has both federal, provincial courts The highest court is the federal Supreme Court - made up of the chief justice and eight other judges continued Organization of Canada’s Government NEXT

18. 2 SECTION Civil Rights Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau leads rights effort in 1982 - adds Charter of Rights and Freedoms to the Constitution Charter guarantees freedom of speech, religion - right to vote, to have a lawyer if arrested - Canadians can live, work anywhere in Canada - equality regardless of race, religion, gender, age, ethnicity Equality and Justice NEXT

19. 2 SECTION Quebec’s Importance Some French-speaking Canadians are separatists - want Quebec to become independent; defeated by vote in 1980, 1995 - Quebec’s high-tech industries are important to Canada’s economy Many Cultures, Many Needs NEXT Laws Protecting Multiculturalism Quebec’s government passes laws to preserve French heritage Federal 1988 Canadian Multicultural Act - guarantees right to preserve cultural heritage Image

20. Section 3 Canada’s Economy Canada has a strong economy built on natural resources, a variety of industries, and good transportation. NEXT

21. 3 SECTION Contributors to the Economy Industry Based on Natural Resources Industry—any area of economic activity Europeans first drawn to area by fishing, fur trade Central prairie provinces’ land is ideal for beef cattle, wheat Fishing off Newfoundland’s Grand Banks and off Pacific coast Timber industry is important, especially in British Columbia Northern territories mine iron ore, gold, silver, copper Canada’s Economy NEXT Interactive Image Continued...

22. 3 SECTION Trade 80% of Canada’s raw materials are shipped as exports Exports are goods traded to other countries - main exports are wood, paper, fuel, minerals, aluminum, wheat Canada and U.S. have valuable trade partnership - most of Canada ’ s exports go to U.S. - most of its imports — goods brought into the country — are from U.S. continued Contributors to the Economy NEXT

23. 3 SECTION From Rural to Industrial After WWII, Canada shifts from rural to industrial, urban economy Tertiary (service) industries occupy 2/3 of work force - include health care, education, transportation, banking, government 30% work in secondary, manufacturing industries - transportation equipment like cars, trucks, subway cars, airplanes - food processing, chemicals, medicines, metal products, paper Industry and the Economy NEXT Chart

24. 3 SECTION Moving Goods Across A Vast Land Transportation corridors — paths that make transportation easier - St. Lawrence Seaway allows travel between Atlantic, Great Lakes - transcontinental railway runs from coast to coast Transportation barriers — geography that slows, prevents transportation - snow, ice block travel in north, as do the Rocky Mountains out west - industry develops slowly in such areas Transportation NEXT Image

25. Section 4 A Multicultural Society Many immigrant groups have contributed to Canadian culture while preserving their own identities. NEXT

26. Canadian Identity Seeking A Sense of Belonging Ranked best country based on citizens’ health, education, wealth Still seeks national identity—a sense of belonging to a nation A Multicultural Society NEXT 4 SECTION Languages Many Canadians are bilingual—speak two languages - English and French are official languages Francophones—French-speaking people Some words, pronunciations in Canadian English differ from U.S. Chart

27. 4 SECTION Rich Traditions Arts are actively supported by federal, provincial governments - Canadian Council for the Arts gives money to artists, art groups Many of the same newspapers, television shows, movies as in U.S. Many Canadian musicians are popular in both Canada, U.S. - Neil Young, Joni Mitchell, Céline Dion, Shania Twain Comedian-actors Dan Aykroyd and Jim Carrey are from Canada Arts and Entertainment NEXT

28. 4 SECTION Freedom to Worship Christianity is widely practiced - other religions include Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism Some religions are grounded in spirituality - based on respect for Earth and all forms of life All cultural groups are free to worship as they choose Religion NEXT

29. 4 SECTION Groups Living Together From 1600s to 1900, most immigrants were European Recently more have arrived from Asia and South America Culture regions—areas with people who share language, background - many French-speaking people live in Quebec - Nunavut is 50% Inuit - Vancouver is 16% Chinese (mostly from Hong Kong) Culture Regions NEXT Continued...

30. 4 SECTION Conflict and Cooperation Differences in language, customs can lead to cultural conflict Some thought Vancouver’s Chinese immigrants might alter the culture - government began reviewing immigration policy in 1975 Vancouver Chinese groups held Chinese-Canadian conference - they supported multiculturalism and open immigration laws The problem was solved through human rights laws continued Culture Regions NEXT

31. This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button.