1. Moving Towards Confederation

2. Coalition George Brown’s idea in 1864 The only way for the government to move forward was to create a coalition where “all of British North America would unite”. Introduce a measure for the federal union of Upper and Lower Canada with provisions for the ultimate admission of the colonies. Negotiations to include other colonies in BNA also began at this time.

3. Charlottetown Conference I September 1864 Maritime colonies initiated this discussion and it was meant to discuss a ‘Maritime Union’ Canada’s were invited (eight members showed up) British Columbia and Newfoundland were not invited First time ‘larger union’ idea was addressed.

4. Charlottetown Conference II Discussions included: – Uniting under one central government The nation would focus on defense and trade as a whole – Think: why would this be important? – Each colony would have it’s own government Local matters would be dealt with by provincial governments to preserve own identity and culture – Who would this interest the most? – Railway would be built to connect the colonies

5. Not like the U.S.! The American Constitution allowed individual states to decide anything that was not specifically under federal government’s jurisdiction. This was the flaw that started the civil war. Canada wanted the opposite of this, anything that was not specifically under provincial jurisdiction, became a federal issue.

7. Québec Conference October 1864 Same attendees as last conference This time: Newfoundland attended! (observers only) British Columbia was too far to attend Working out details discussed at previous conference Québec 72 Resolutions were formed and approved

9. Québec Resolutions Federal constitution: a government over the whole country Each level of government would have responsibility over specific areas (eg. Education-provincial, Indian Affairs-federal) Balance of representation by population and equal representation Balance between elected and appointed officials

10. Rep by pop vs. Equal rep Representation by population – Population would decide how much say Equal Representation – Each province would have equal say

11. Examining the Quebec Resolutions How do you think your province felt about these resolutions? Which did they favour, which did they not? Which resolutions outlined do we still see in our government today?

12. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT - peace, order, good government Public property - Defense - Regulation of trade - Post office - Aboriginal people - Criminal law - Fisheries - Navigation - banks PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT - Local affairs - Civil law - Health and welfare - Education - Natural resources

13. London Conference Held in London, England Purpose: to gain British approval for the Confederation of Canada Delegates from the Canadas, N.B. and N.S. attended Britain was in favour of Confederation because they no longer wanted to be responsible for the upkeep of the colonies

14. London Conference II “The Kingdom of Canada” vs “The Dominion of Canada” John A MacDonald was named Prime Minister.

15. What do you notice about this picture?

16. Missing Voices Why is it important to consider these missing voices?

17. Primary Sources

18. What are primary sources? Primary sources provide first-hand testimony or direct evidence concerning a topic under investigation. They are created by witnesses or recorders who experienced the events or conditions being documented.

19. Examples of Primary Sources Diaries Letters Photographs Art Maps Video and film Sound recordings Interviews Newspapers Magazines Published first-hand accounts, or stories

20. Checklist Primary sources: created at the time of an event, or very soon after created by someone who saw or heard an event themselves often one-of-a-kind, or rare letters, diaries, photos and newspapers (can all be primary sources)

21. Why are they good to use? Direct insight into the time Avoids ‘telephone’ problem

22. Why are they bad to use? Can be biased Give only one side of the story Hard to read

25. Nova Scotia

26. Newfoundland

27. How to find primary sources