2. Cell Transport Biology Unit 4 Notes #4 (Section 3.5)

3.  Required for cells to allow nutrients in and get wastes out through the semi-permeable (cell) membrane  Two Main Types Passive Transport  Diffusion  Osmosis  Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport  Endocytosis  Exocytosis

5. Passive Transport  Passive transport: Cell spends no energy (ATP) to move molecules from high  concentrations to low concentrations  (concentration gradient) Does this kayaker need to spend his energy in order to move?

6. O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 Will oxygen mostly enter or exit this cell? Diffusion: Movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration Movement continues until equilibrium is reached –Equilibrium: even balance of molecules This is how many molecules move into and out of cells

7. The woman inhales a breath of oxygen

8. The oxygen spreads into the woman’s lungs

9. The oxygen fills the air sacs (alveoli) located in her lungs

10. Where is the HIGH oxygen concentration? Where is the LOW oxygen concentration? Due to diffusion, the oxygen will spread from her lungs… into her blood

11. The heart pumps this oxygen-rich blood around her body

12. Cell X needs oxygen just like all cells. But cell X is not in direct contact with the blood and oxygen. So how does cell X get oxygen?

13. Where is the HIGH oxygen concentration? Cell X (and all other cells) gets oxygen through the process of diffusion! Diffusion: movement of molecules from a high to low concentration Where is the LOW oxygen concentration?

14. The reverse process is true w/ carbon dioxide. Over time, CO 2 waste builds up in cells. Too much is fatal. It must be removed.

15. Where is the HIGH carbon dioxide concentration? CO 2 diffuses from the cells (high concentration) and into the blood stream (low concentration) Where is the LOW carbon dioxide concentration?

16. The heart pumps the CO2 rich blood back to the lungs.

17. Where is the HIGH carbon dioxide concentration? CO2 diffuses into the air sacs (alveoli)

18. The woman begins to exhale

19. The diaphragm muscle pushes the CO2 out of the lungs

20. CO2 is expelled… the process repeats with every breath!

21. Place the steps of oxygen flow in the correct order from start to finish.  A – Oxygen diffuses into your cells  B – Your heart pumps oxygen-rich blood around your body  C – Oxygen moves into your lungs  D – Oxygen gas is inhaled  E – Oxygen diffuses from your lungs into your blood Place the steps of CO 2 flow in the correct order from start to finish.  A – Your heart pumps CO 2 -rich blood towards your lungs  B – CO 2 waste is created by every cell  C – CO 2 is pushed out of your lungs and out of your mouth  D – CO 2 diffuses from your blood into your lungs  E – CO 2 diffuses from your cells into yo ur blood

22. Facilitated Diffusion The molecules get help passing through the cell membrane (they are “facilitated” in their entrance)

23. Facilitated Diffusion  Facilitate means “to help”  Defined: Larger molecules enter/exit with the help of protein channels in the plasma membrane  No energy (ATP) used Protein channel gluco se

24. Osmosis  Defined: Diffusion of water from a high to low concentration  So, water will flow through a semipe rmeable membrane from area of lots of water to areas of lots of solute Distilled water (no solutes in water) Cell (High solutes) Cell

25. Osmosis  Defined: Diffusion of water from a high to low concentration Salt water (high solutes) Cell (low solutes) Cell

26. Osmosis Shriveled cell normal cell swollen cell

27. Review 1) In which direction does diffusion occur? 2) Across which part of the cell does diffusion mostly occur? 3) Which molecule of energy is not required during passive transport? 4) Which chemical is involved in osmosis? 5) Examine the picture. If the dots are solutes, where is the high solute concentration? 6) Examine the picture. If the dots are water molecules, where is the low water concentration? 7) Examine the picture. If the dots are water molecules, which way will osmosis occur?

29. Active Transport  Defined: Molecules move from a LOW to a HIGH concentration Against the concentration gradient  ATP energy needed to fight diffusion ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate

30. Endocytosis  Endocytosis: Process in which the plasma membrane takes in substances Also uses carrier proteins 1) Phagocytosis: when a cell engulfs a solid particle 2) Pinocytosis: when a cell engulfs a liquid particle

31. Exocytosis  Defined: Process when substances are expelled from the cell Proteins, nutrients, and waste exit by exocytosis Packaged by Golgi body into vesicles  Vesicles carry & release objects through the plasma membrane

32. Active Transport

33. Review 1) How are active and passive transport different? 2) Which molecule powers active transport? 3) How are endo- and exocytosis similar? Different? 4) Which cell part controls active transport? 5) The end.