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concepts solve problems make decisions.
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Mental representations of some sense experiences
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What must be done to achieve a goal not readily attainable.
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1. interpretation 2. strategy 3. evaluation
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Trial and error Information retrieval algorithms heuristics
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Trying out solutions one after the other until one works.
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Retrieving from long term memory
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Means-ends analysis – combining hill climbing and sub goals Working backwards
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Problems of inducing structure Problems of arrangement Problems of transformation
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discover the relationship between the parts of a problems
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arranging the parts of a problem to satisfy some criteria.
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carrying out a sequence of transformation in order to reach a specific goal. Tend to be solved in a planned sequence of steps rather then insight.
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Creativity Ability to generate original ideas or solve problems in novel ways Divergent thinking Ability to generate unusual, yet appropriate, responses to problems or questions Convergent thinking Produces responses that are based primarily on knowledge and logic Cognitive complexity Preference for elaborate, intricate, and complex stimuli and thinking patterns. NOT related to intelligence 24 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Confirmation bias Fixation Representitiveness Availability Framing
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This inability to see a fresh perspective. It is tunnel vision.
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The tendency to perceive a function of an object as fixed and unchanging.
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The tendency to define things in terms of the way we see it.
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Basing our judgments and decisions on information that we can immediately recall.
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The tendency to feel sure about our beliefs and to explain away our failures.
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Presentation that effects the way we think and solve problems.
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The tendency to cling to our beliefs even in the face of contrary evidence.
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The gamblers fallacy The law of small numbers The conjunction fallacy
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i.e. t, th, k There are 45 phonemes in the English language
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I.E. PRE-EXIST
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Grammar has two components: 1. syntax 2. Semantics
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Rules that govern how we combine words into meaningful sentences and phrases
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DESCRIBES HOW WE ASSIGN MEANING TO MORPHEMES, WORDS AND SENTANCES
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Knowing the relationships between words of sentences (surface structure) and its underlying meaning
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1. develop a thought 2. choose words 3. produce sounds
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There are three theories: Learning theory approach Nativist approach Interactionist approach
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Echolalic Language perception – differentiating sounds to distinguish behaviors Meaning – understanding the relationship between a word and an action Integration of language and thought - holophrastic
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Language Specificity – One word at a time Two word sentences Grammatical transformations and three word sentences
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The Whorfian hypothesis says that language precedes thought. Piaget says thought precedes language.
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Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201149
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Believed wealthy were more intelligent Founded eugenics movement
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To do this they developed questions relative to reasoning and problem solving.
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1. it would limit educational opportunities 2. it would make people incapable of learning.
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the Stanford-Binet
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Ma/ca * 100.
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It has been replaced by a deviation IQ.
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Preschoolers Adults Children
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Aptitude tests measure a person’s capacity to learn Achievement tests measure past learning.
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This is true of: LSAT MCAT GRE GMAT
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Louis Thurston
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Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences Robert Sternburg’s triarchic theory of intelligence
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Linguistic Musical Mathematical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalistic
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70 Are There Different Kinds of Intelligence? Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Many ways of showing intelligence 8 Different Forms Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Brain damage may impair one mental ability It’s rare to find a renaissance man Prodigies master only one skill Savants demonstrate one exceptional skill
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He Identified intelligence From Three Different Perspectives
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Analytical (componential) – the ability to solve academic problems and judge ideas Creative (experiential) – insight, creativity, inventiveness Practical (contextual) – practical knowledge, street smarts
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Both require the following: Motivation Attention Perseverance Test taking ability
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Identical twins raised in different families have similar intelligence scores Also, adopted children have intelligence scores more similar to their biological mothers
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Many believe that genes are just a starting point
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Could intervention in a child’s family life effect economic and social deprivation?
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1. no differences in verbal abilities 2. Females are better at math in negligible differences
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Their concern is to enable schools who might best benefit from early intervention. Should not be used as absolute measures. Only reflect one aspect of a person
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