1. Ch 11- Classifying Prokaryotes

2. Shapes & Arrangements

4. Archae  Extremophiles-extreme conditions  Thermophiles-extreme heat  Halophiles-salty environments Ex: great salt lake, dead sea  Methanogens-obligate anaerobes, make methane gas Ex:hydrothermal vents

5. Loving Environments  Psychrophiles- super cold Ex: ice, freezer, refrigerators, cold water, cause food spoilage  Mesophiles-best at 20-40 C (human body 37C) Ex: human pathogens  Thermophiles- hot Ex: hot springs, don’t cause disease  Hyperthermophiles-Archae, extremely hot Ex: hydrothermal vents, volcanic necks  Neutrophiles- pH 6.5-7.5, human body  Acidophiles- acidic habitats

6. Reproduction  Binary Fission 1. Cell replicates DNA 2. Cell grows, DNA moves apart 3. Forms a cross wall 4. 2 new daughter cells

7.  Spores Reproductive cells that can make a clone of original organism  Budding Outgrowth of original cell receives genetic material and enlarges

8. Endospore formation 1. Replicates DNA 2. Cytoplasm splits 3. Membrane grows to make spore coat 4. Endospore is released

9. Survey of Bacteria  Deeply Branching Similar to earliest bacteria Hot, acidic, anaerobic, lots of UV

10.  Phototrophic- absorb light  Cyanobacteria- aka blue-green algae Transformed early atmosphere in oxygen containing (Endosymbiotic Theory) nitrogen fixation-nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH3), because few organisms can use nitrogen  Green & Purple Phototrophic Bacteria- anoxygenic- do not make O2 during photosynthesis Found in anaerobic muds

11. G & C Ratios (% of guanine/cytosine base pairs) Low Positive  1. Clostridia-rod shaped, obligate anaerobes ○ Endospores- survive harsh conditions ○ Medicine & industry C. tetani- tetanus C. botulinum-food poisoning, botox C. perfringens- gangrene C. difficile-diarrhea Veillonella- tooth plaque

12. 2. Mycoplasmas- lack cell walls Ex: pneumonia, UTI’s 3. Gram positive bacilli & cocci a. Bacillus-facultative anaerobes, endospores, flagella, found in soil B. anthracis- anthrax, bioterrorism (reading pg 327) B. cereus-contaminate rice b/c can’t cook out endospores b. Listeria- dairy products, reproduces even in fridge, can kill fetus (why pregnant women shouldn’t eat deli) c. Lactobacillus-used to make yogurt, buttermilk, pickles, and sauerkraut, protect digestive tract d. Streptococcus & Enterococcus- strep throat, scarlet fever, impetigo, pneumonia, & others e. Staphylococcus aureus- found naturally on skin, toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning, wound infections MRSA-methicillin resistant

13. High Positive 1. Corynebacterium-pleomorphic C. diphtheria- diphtheria – upper respiratory disease, DPT vaccine 2. Mycobacterium-aerobic, slow growing M. tuberculosis- tuberculosis M. leprae- leprosy 3. Actinomycetes-form filaments so resemble fungi a. Actinomyces- normally in oral cavity and throat, can spread to abdomen & cause disease b. Nocardia-degrades pollutants of landfills c. Streptomyces-recycle nutrients in soil, give “soil” smell -produce antibiotics such as erythromycin, tetracycline Reading pg 331

14. Gram-Negative 1. Alphaproteobacteria-aerobes that grow at very low nutrient levels a. Nitrogen fixers- important in ag Azospirillum-toots of tropical grasses-sugar cane Rhizobium- leguminous plants b. Nitrobacter-convert ammonia into nitrate, more available to plants

15. c. Purple nonsulfer bacteria- mud, harvest light but don’t make oxygen d. Rickettsia- have to live within other cells, typhus & Rocky Mtn spotted fever e. Ehrlichia- tick borne, causes disease by living in WBC’s f. Acetobacter & Gluconobacter- used to make vinegar g. Caulobacter- found in nutrient poor water, superglue reading pg 335 h. Agrobacterium- infects plants (galls)

16. 2. Beta proteobacteria-low levels of nutrients a. Nitrosomonas-nitrifying soils b. Neisseria-gonorrhea, PID c. Bordetella-pertussis d. Burkholderia-moist surfaces/medical equipment e. Thiobacillus-recycle sulfur, used by miners to leach metals from ore f. Zooglea- sewage treatment plants, purification g. Sphaerotilus-sewage treatment plants, impede flow of water h. Spirillum-rat bite fever

17. 3. Gammaproteobacteria- a. Purple sulfur bacteria- found in sulfur rich zones b. Legionella- Legionnaires disease c. Coxiella- Q fever, passed in milk d. Methylococcus- anaerobic, use methane as energy e. Psudomonas-spoilage of refrigerated foods, UTI’s, swimmer’s ear f. Azomonas & Azotobacter- soil dwelling, nitrogen fixers

18. 4. Deltaproteobacteria a. Desulfovibrio-sulfur cycle, corrosion of iron pipes b. Bdellovibrio-attacks other bacteria c. Myxobacteria- soil with decaying plant material or animal dung 5. Epsilonproteobacteria a. Campylobacter-blood poisoning b. Heliobacter-ulcers

19. Others 1. Chlamydia- STD, neonatal blindness 2. Spirochaetes a. Treponema-syphilis b. Borrelia-Lyme disease 3. Bacteroides a. Bacteroides-digestive tract, 30% of feces, can cause infection b. Cytophaga-degrade complex polysaccharides- damage to wood, important in sewage breakdown