2. A Brief History of the Americas 15,000 – 30,000 Years Ago – Bering Strait 1400s – 100 million Native Americans – Diverse, Complex Societies - 10 million in US – 50 Tribes

3. Brief History Continued 1492 – Columbus – begin European colonization Reasons for Colonization – God, Gold, Glory Spain – South America, Central America, - St. Augustine, Florida England – Jamestown, VA – 1607 - Massachusetts – 1620 - Maryland – 1634 France – Quebec – 1608 Netherlands – New York – 1625 Sweden – Delaware – 1638

4. By the 1750s: - Spanish-South America + Southwest US + Florida - French – Canada, Great Lakes, Mississippi Valley - Fur Trade - British – Eastern Coast and Population - Native – 10% Original Population 1754 – 1763 – French and Indian War

7. T HE R OAD TO R EVOLUTION Mercantilism and the Navigation Acts – 1600s Salutary Neglect – No enforcement – political and economic freedom for the colonies 1754 – 1763 – French and Indian War Results: British Won – Anger at Colonists and Debt

8. T HE N EW B RITISH P OLICIES Proclamation of 1763 – Colonists cannot move beyond the Appalachian Mountains Sugar Act – 1764 – Colonists must pay taxes on all sugar products, British Navy will stop smuggling Quartering Act – 1765 – Colonists must provide food and shelter for British troops in the colonies Stamp Act – 1765 – Colonists must buy a stamp for all printed materials

9. T HE C OLONISTS R EACT Stamp Act Congress – 9 Colonies “No Taxation without Representation” – Rights Boycott all British Goods Sons of Liberty + Violent Resistance

10. R EACTION C ONTINUED 1766 – Stamp Act Repealed Declaratory Act – “… in all cases whatsoever” 1767 – Townshend Duties – Glass, Lead, Paper, Paint, Tea Colonial Response: Boycott Resumes – Boston, New York, Philadelphia Virginia Resolves – Patrick Henry – “Give me Liberty or give me death” = Nonimportation Law British Response: House of Burgesses (VA) and MA Legislatures British Troops

11. March 5, 1770- Boston Massacre – 5 Americans killed – Propaganda + Repeal - Committees of Correspondence - 1773 – Tea Act - Boston Tea Party 1774 – Coercive/Intolerable Acts T HE V IOLENCE B EGINS

12. First Continental Congress – Petition to King, Boycott, Militias April 1775 – Lexington and Concord – 700 British Troops – Paul Revere – ‘Shot Heard Round the World’ June 1775 –Second Continental Congress

13. - Battle of Bunker Hill - Olive Branch Petition – July 1775 - Prohibitory Act - December 1775 – No Trade – Closed all ports - Common Sense by Thomas Paine “Everything that is right or reasonable pleas for separation. The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, ‘tis time to part” 100,000 in 3 months, 500,000 in 6 months D ECLARING I NDEPENDENCE

14. - Adopted July 4, 1776 - Written by Thomas Jefferson - Four Purposes: 1. Declare Independence 2. Explain Natural Rights – John Locke 3. List the grievances against King George III 4. Justify Independence to other countries – France and Spain T HE D ECLARATION OF I NDEPENDENCE

15. British Advantages: 1.Well –equipped and trained army and navy – Blockade 2.Strong Central Government 3.Resources and National Wealth – Hessian Mercenaries 4.Native Americans, Slaves, and 50,000 Loyalists Colonists Advantages: 1.Fighting on their own land –Guerilla Warfare 2.Fighting for Liberty and Independence – A Cause 3.War was unpopular in England 4.Experiences from the French and Indian War 5.Able military leaders 6.Only had to not lose – War of attrition

16. Turning Point – Battle of Saratoga – 1778 – French and Spanish aid Battle of Yorktown – 1781 – - British Surrender 1783 – Treaty of Paris - United States Independent - New Borders – Mississippi, Great Lakes, Florida - British Troop removed from the Americas W INNING THE W AR

17. - Republican Government and Freedoms - Emancipation - Slavery - Penn 1778, VT 1779, MA 1780, RI + CT 1784, NY 1799, NJ 1804 - Women’s Rights – Abigail Adams - ‘Remember the Ladies’ - Education - Republican Motherhood - Disastrous for Native Americans - Spread Ideas of Natural Rights, Liberty, and Independence – Age of Revolutions Results of the War