1. Africa
A brief history

2. Bantu Migrations 1/3 of Africans speak a Bantu language
Because of their knowledge of agriculture, they migrated out of western Africa to use the better land in the east and south
They were farmers and herders
Adapted to climates and ecosystems

3. African Culture Farmers – yams, bananas, slash and burn
Villages of related people with a common ancestor
Matrilineal and Patrilineal tribes
Government – shared power, elders reach decisions by consensus, collected taxes, chief, soldiers
Polytheistic, believed forces of nature had divine spirits (animism), performed rituals and ceremonies, believed ancestor spirits could help them

5. Kingdoms of the North Egyptian – Nile
Nubian or Kush – Sudan and upper Nile, traders, imitated Egyptian architecture
Phoenicians – traders, Carthage
Romans – 146BC – 430AD Defeated Carthage, roads, dams, aqueducts, cities, Christianity, Latin
Arabs – 600s, Islam, Arabic, mosques, libraries, trade

6. West African Kingdoms
Ghana – Niger and Senegal, gold-salt trade, “land of gold,” Muslim
Mali –Timbuktu, Mansa Musa, Islam, leading center of learning,
Songhai – , Niger River, eclipsed Mali

7. Kano people lived in Hausa, pop
Kano people lived in Hausa, pop. 30,000, Arabic writing system, Muslim, leatherworkers, artisans, many rulers were women
Benin – forest people on the Guinea coast, traded pepper, ivory, and slaves to their neighbors, elaborate avenues, tidy homes, great palace, known for bronze statues

8. East African Kingdoms
Ethiopia – Christian and Jewish religions unified the tribes, Kings were descended from Solomon and the Queen of Sheba
Axum – 900BC – 600AD Red Sea and Nile, traded with Arabia, India, and the Mediterranean, exports: ivory, hides, and rhino horn, imports: linen, brass, copper, iron tools, wine, olive oil, Christianity, spices, iron, stones, cotton

9. South African Kingdoms
Zimbabwe – Limpopo River, walls, palace, cone shaped towers, prosperous, Bantu people, , farmers, traded with India and China, manufactured jewelry and iron tools, weavers of cotton cloth. Over farming, civil war, and Declining trade weakened Zimbabwe.

10. Zulu (1800s), Shaka Zulu – their great warrior who united tribes into one kingdom

11. Dutch built Cape Town in 1652, Farmers were called Boers
Dutch built Cape Town in 1652, Farmers were called Boers. British took control of Cape Town in the 1800s and the fleeing Boers moved into Zulu territory and war broke out. Zulu’s defeated by superior technology.

12. Europeans arrive 1400s Portuguese ships explore coast of West Africa,
Dutch, English, and French followed
Muskets, tools, and cloth were brought to Africa
Gold, ivory, hides, and slaves were taken out

13. 1500s Slave Trade across the Atlantic began to provide labor to tobacco and sugar plantations in the west
Most slaves went to Caribbean and South America
Africans captured the slaves, brought them to the coast of Africa to trade to Europeans

14. Slave Trade 11 million Africans send to the Americas 2 million died
Ships were called ‘floating coffins’

15. Triangular Trade Europe Americas Africa Textiles Metalwork Rum
Tobacco
Weapons
Gun powder
Tobacco
Molasses
Sugar
Americas
Africa
Slaves – Middle Passage

16. The Middle Passage
The Middle Passage was the second leg of the trade triangle that brought slaves to America. The captives were about to embark on the infamous Middle Passage, so called because it was the middle leg of a three-part voyage -- a voyage that began and ended in Europe. The first leg of the voyage carried a cargo that often included iron, cloth, brandy, firearms, and gunpowder. Upon landing on Africa's "slave coast," the cargo was exchanged for Africans. Fully loaded with its human cargo, the ship set sail for the Americas, where the slaves were exchanged for sugar, tobacco, or some other product. The final leg brought the ship back to Europe.

17. 1800s- Imperialism Slavery outlawed in the Americas
European countries moved into the interior of Africa and established colonies
Wanted raw materials and markets
Ruled Africans without their consent
Build up infrastructure
Exploited Africans and their continent until the 1960s, when countries were given their independence.

18. Berlin Conference 1884
European countries were grabbing African lands so fast, they were in conflict over several areas.
Instead of fighting a war over lands, representatives from European countries met in Berlin and drew the political map of Africa.
Some tribes were divided and others who were long-time enemies were pit in the same country.

20. Europeans ruled African countries as colonies until the 1950s and 60s.
When Africa countries got their independence, many had problems that began as a result of the colonial era.

21. Problems in Africa Today?
Poverty
Highest birth rate AND death rate in the world
Population growth is the highest in the world
Highest infant mortality rate in the world
Lowest life expectancy in the world

22. AIDS 70% of the world’s AIDS cases are in Africa
A child born in Zimbabwe is more likely to die of AIDS than any other cause
Average life expectancy in Zimbabwe has fallen from 65 to 39 years old – due to AIDS
Treatment for AIDS is too expensive for most Africans
AIDS has effected Africa’s economy
AIDS has caused a shortage of workers in Africa.
It is hard to improve economically when the population is so greatly reduced by health problems like AIDS and Malaria.

23. Problems in Africa Today?
No preventative medical care
Access to doctors is low
Inadequate healthcare education
Inadequate delivery of medicine / vaccines
Malaria
90% of the world’s Malaria cases are in Africa
Malaria has developed a resistance to anti-malarial drugs.
Malnutrition

24. Corruption Illiteracy Civil Wars Sanitation
Only 1/3 of rural Africans have access to clean water
Only ¼ of Africans live where there is adequate sanitation
Corruption