1. Dr. Lokanandha Reddy Irala(www.irala.org) 1www.irala.org Efficient Market Hypothesis

2. Dr. Lokanandha Reddy Irala(www.irala.org) 2www.irala.org 2 Efficient Market Hypothesis  At any given time prices fully reflect all available information on a particular stock and/or market (Fama, 1970)  No investor has an advantage in predicting a return on a stock price since no one has access to information not already available to everyone else.  As all market participants are privy to the same information, no one will have the ability to "out-profit" anyone else.  Prices become not predictable but random No investment pattern can be discerned and a planned approach to investment cannot be successful.

3. Dr. Lokanandha Reddy Irala(www.irala.org) 3www.irala.org 3  Possibility of anomalies not dismissed - generation of superior profits possible.  Market efficiency does not require prices to be equal to fair value all of the time - Prices may be over or undervalued, but only in random occurrences, so they eventually resort back to their mean value.  As the price deviations are random, investment strategies that result in beating the market cannot be consistent phenomena.  An investor who outperforms the market does so not out of skill but out of luck. Efficient Market Hypothesis

4. Dr. Lokanandha Reddy Irala(www.irala.org) 4www.irala.org 4  Investors must perceive that a market is inefficient and possible to beat - Investment strategies intended to manipulate inefficiencies are actually the fuel that keep a market efficient.  A market has to be large and liquid.  Information has to be widely available, in terms of accessibility and cost, and released to investors at more or less the same time.  Transaction costs have to be cheaper than the expected profits of an investment strategy.  Investors should also have enough funds to take advantage of inefficiency until, according to the EMH, it disappears again. How a market becomes efficient

5. Dr. Lokanandha Reddy Irala(www.irala.org) 5www.irala.org 5 Degrees of Efficiency  Strong efficiency - All information in a market, whether public or private, is accounted for in a stock price. Not even insider information could give an investor an advantage  Semi-strong efficiency - All public information is calculated into a stock’s current share price. Neither fundamental nor technical analysis can be used to achieve superior gains.  Weak efficiency - All past prices of a stock are reflected in today’s stock price. Therefore, technical analysis cannot be used to predict and beat a market