1. 2.1 The Structure & Functions of Eukaryotic Cells

2. Chloroplasts Derived from photosynthetic bacteria & has DNA
A double membrane bound, solar energy capturing organelle
Internal thylakoid membrane is stacked (grana) and has pigments for photosynthesis.
Liquid medium around thylakoid called stroma.

3. Chloroplast Micrograph

4. Photosynthesis It takes place in the thylakoid membranes and stroma
Pigments like chlorophyll capture solar energy to make cellular food (ie: glucose)
Cyanobacteria closely related to chloroplasts in higher plants.

5. Mitochondria Have their own DNA A double membrane bound organelle
Internal cristae membrane is folded for increased surface area.
Aerobic cellular respiration
occurs in the cristae and
the matrix
The liquid medium inside
the cristae is called
the matrix.

6. Mitochondria Micrograph

7. Mitochondria
Breaks down high-energy organic molecules (cellular respiration) to store in chemical bonds as chemical potential energy.
In addition to glucose, it can
also use lipids and proteins
The released energy is
stored in the form of
ATP

8. Cell Walls It is found in plants, fungi, & many protists
Surrounds cell membrane for support and protection (ie: Turgor Pressure in plants)
Made of either polysaccharides, glycoproteins or both.
It is porous and does little to control access to the cell.

9. Cytoskeleton It is an internal network of protein fibres
It’s made of 3 fibre types
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
3 functions:
mechanical support
anchors organelles
help move substances

10. Microfilament Micrograph

11. Cell Movement Microtubules & microfilaments
- slide against one another for internal cell movement
Cilia
Short
Used to move substances outside human cells
Flagella
Whip-like extensions
Found on sperm cells

12. Cilia & Flagella Structure
Both are extensions from the cell membrane.
They’re bundles of microtubules
Cilia are short and in large numbers for movement.
Flagella are few but longer for locomotion.

13. Cell (Plasma) Membrane
It wraps the cell contents & it’s semi-permeable.
It’s a double layer of phospholipids & embedded proteins
This “fluid mosaic model” has the hydrophillic heads oriented to the outside and hydrophobic tails to the inside. This controls access in & out of the cell.
Includes cholesterol, glycoproteins and glycolipids.

14. Cell Membrane Micrograph

15. Phospholipids
They are lipid molecules with one glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group.
The polar head is hydrophyllic head and the non-polar tail is hydrophobic.
Most of the fatty acid chains are saturated.

16. Membrane Proteins 1. Channels or transporters 2. Receptors
Move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors
Recognize certain chemicals

17. Membrane Proteins 3. Cytoskeleton 4. Enzymes
Microtubules & microfilaments
4. Enzymes
Catalyze production of substances

18. End Part 3