2. Agenda: Sept 22nd Review for Test (tomorrow) –Cell Structure and Function –Types of Cells –Cell’s molecules Measuring Very Small Volumes with a Micropipet –Basics –Prepare for Lab after test Study for Cell Test! Tables Inside the Cell

3. Cell Structure & Function http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html

4. Eurkaryotic Cell (Eukaryote)

5. Cell Video

6. Cell Theory All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

7. Links Animation: Center of the cell Centre of the Cell Cell Biology Animation cell structure

8. Definition of Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

9. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell Bacteria

10. Two Types of Cells Prokaryotic –Bacteria Eukaryotic –Animal –Plant –Yeast (fungus)

11. Prokaryotic Do not have structures surrounded by membranes Few internal structures One-celled organisms, Bacteria http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

12. Typical Bacterial Cell

13. Eukaryotic Contain organelles surrounded by membranes Most living organisms PlantAnimal http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

14. “Typical” Animal Cell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu /~ acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif

15. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif “Typical” Plant Cell

16. Yeast Cell

17. Cell Parts Organelles

18. Surrounding the Cell

19. Cell Membrane Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell Double layer http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

20. Cell Wall Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria Supports & protects cells http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

21. Inside the Cell

22. Nucleus Directs cell activities Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane Contains genetic material - DNA

23. Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

24. Chromosomes In nucleus Made of DNA Contain instructions for traits & characteristics http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

25. Nucleolus Inside nucleus Contains RNA to build proteins http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

26. Cytoplasm Gel-like mixture Surrounded by cell membrane Contains hereditary material

27. Endoplasmic Reticulum Moves materials around in cell Smooth type: lacks ribosomes Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

28. Ribosomes Each cell contains thousands Make proteins Found on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) & floating throughout the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

29. Mitochondria Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates Controls level of water and other materials in cell Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

30. Golgi Bodies Protein 'packaging plant' Move materials within the cell Move materials out of the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

31. Lysosome Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

32. Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal Contains water solution Help plants maintain shape http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

33. Chloroplast Usually found in plant cells Contains green chlorophyll Where photosynthesis takes place http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

34. StructureMembrane- bound? Plants, animals or both? Function NucleusYesBothHouses chromosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) YesBothLipid synthesis Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) YesBothProtein synthesis Golgi complexYesBothSorts contents from the ER and routes them to their appropriate locations LysosomesYesBothContain digestive enzymes that break down items that the cell doesn’t need Central vacuoleYesPlantsStorage of water and nutrients ChloroplastsYesPlantsPhotosynthesis MitochondriaYesBothEnergy producer - ATP Aerobic cellular respiration

35. StructureMembrane- bound? Plants, animals or both? Function Cell membraneNoBothOuter boundary of the cell RibosomesNoBothProtein synthesis CytoplasmNoBothLiquid portion of the cell Cell wallNoPlantsA rigid layer on the surface of the cell membrane – Not the same structure as bacteria! FlagellaNoAnimals (MAYBE) A “tail” CytoskeletonNoBothA series of fibers that runs through the cell. Used to support the shape of the cell, for reproduction, and for tracks for other organelles to move along in the cell CiliaNoOnly found on certain types of cells – not a standard structure Microscopic “hairs” on the cell surface

36. Typical Animal Cell

37. Human Cell

38. Typical Plant Cell

39. Plant Cells

40. Yeast Eukaryotic Cell (Fungus)

43. Yeast reproduce by budding

44. Prokaryotic Cells: Required Structures StructureFunction Cell (plasma) membraneOuter boundary of the cell NucleoidArea where single loop of DNA is located RibosomesProduces proteins CytoplasmLiquid portion of the cell

45. Bacteria- Some Optional Structures StructureFunction Cell wallAn extra layer (usually made of peptidoglycan) on the surface of the cell Flagellum (a)A “tail” CapsuleA gooey layer of the surface of the cell PiliMicroscopic “hairs” on the bacterial cell surface PlasmidAn extra loop of DNA EndosporesBacterial cells can convert themselves to spores as a survival strategy

46. Typical Bacterial Cell

47. Microscopic View of Bacteria

48. Genome Size The total genome size differ quite considerably in different organisms. OrganismNumber of Chromosomes Genome size in base pairs Bacteria 1 ~400,000 - ~10,000,000Bacteria Yeast 12 14,000,000Yeast Worm 6 100,000,000Worm Fly 4 300,000,000Fly Weed 5 125,000,000Weed Human 233,000,000,000Human

49. Organism The number of predicted genes Part of the genome that encodes proteins (exons) E.Coli (bacteria) 5000 90% Yeast 6000 70% Worm 18,000 27% Fly 14,000 20% Weed 25,500 20% Human 30,000 < 5% Genes & % of DNA