1. Introduction to Clinical Psychology Science, Practice and Ethics Chapter 2 History and Recent Developments This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005

2. Ancient Roots Hippocrates (c. 446-377) Melancholy Phrenitis Mania hysteria Greek Philosophers Socrates (470-399) Plato (428-347) Aristotle (384-323)

3. Ancient Roots Yellow Emperor’s Book of Internal Medicine yin and yang Mental tests Medieval Europe Malleus Malifacarum Renaissance De Praestigiis Daemonum

4. 18 th and 19 th Centuries: Laying the Groundwork Understanding Mental Disorders Measurement of Individual Differences Emergence of Scientific Psychiatry Hysteria and Psychological Determinism

5. Understanding Mental Disorders Psychiatry gains credibility as a branch of medicine Benjamin Rush (1745-1820) Philipe Pinel (1745-1826) Vicenzo Chiarugi (1759-1820) Francis Willis (1718-1807)

6. Understanding Mental Disorders Moral Treatment Movement Philipe Pinel William Tuke (1732-1822) Moral Treatment comes to U.S. Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)

7. Measurement of Individual Differences Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) Hereditary Genius (1869) measured individual differences James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944) - first to use “mental test” - developed standards for psychological testing

8. Emergence of Scientific Psychiatry J. Langdon Down – Down’s Syndrome Ewald Hecker - hebephrenia General paresis – syphylis Emil Kraepelin (1855-1926) - textbook on psychiatry – 1883 - dementia praecox

9. Emergence of Scientific Psychiatry Improved classification Differentiation of mental retardation from mental illness Acceptance of non-biological causes of mental disorders

10. Hysteria and Psychological Determinism Jean Martin Charcot (1825-1893) Piere Janet (1859-1947) Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

11. Freud’s impact on clinical psychology Psychoanalytic treatment Unconscious determinants of behavior – impact on psychological testing Psychological (non-biological) factors

12. Birth of the Discipline (1890-1910) Rapid Growth of Psychology Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) – 1875 William James (1842-1910) – 1875 G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924)- 1883 James McKeen Cattell - 1888 By 1900 – 40 psychology laboratories at US universities

13. Ligthner Witmer (1867-1956) Established first psychological clinic in 1896 First to propose a helping profession within psychology Established the first clinical psychology journal – The Psychological Clinic Established first training program in clinical psychology

14. Alfred Binet (1857-1911) Norm-referenced test of intelligence Valid items for test of intelligence Developed the Binet-Simon Scale – forerunner of modern intelligence test Mental age Scientist-practitioner

15. Childhood: WWI through WWII Army Alpha and Army Beta Stanford-Binet – 1916 (revised 1937) Wechsler-Bellvue – 1939 Rorschach – 1921 Thematic Apperception Test – 1938 MMPI - 1943

16. Childhood: WWI through WWII APA Growing Pains 1917 – AACP forms 1919 – AACP incorporated into APA as Section f Clinical Psychology 1921 – Ph.D. + published research 1926 – creates associate member status 1937 – AAAP formed 1939 – 618 member, 1909 associates 1942 – goals and membership qualifications change 1944 – AAAP votes itself out of existence, joins APA

17. Adolescence: Post WWII Need for clinical psychologists Training moneys become available Shakow Report - 1947 Boulder Conference - 1949

18. Scientist- Practitioner Model Training in University Departments of Psychology Trained as Scientist and Practitioners Internship – 1 year of full-time practice Trained in diagnosis, research and therapy Original research required

19. Post-Boulder Training Growth NIMH, USPHS money available for doctoral training VA – money for internship training 1947 – 22 doctoral training programs in US 1949 – 42 doctoral training programs in US 1960 – 60 APA-accredited gradate training programs (55 NIMH funded)

20. Adulthood Training Psychotherapy Psychological Testing Professional Practice Specialization Growth

21. Training Miami Beach conference 1958 – Psy.D. proposed University of Illinois – 1968 – first Psy.D. program California Professional School of Psychology – 1969 Vail conference – 1974 – endorsement of Psy.D. as legit

22. Training: Backlash Salt Lake City, Utah – 1987 - greater diversity in training - all graduate programs must be affiliated with regionally accredited university (not accepted by APA)

23. Training: Backlash Clinical Scientist Training proposed by Richard McFall, 1991.

24. Psychotherapy Client-Centered Therapy - Carl Rogers Behavior Therapy – Joseph Wolpe, Hans Eysenck, B.F. Skinner Cognitive-Behavior Therapy – Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck

25. Psychotherapy Last 50 years increasingly identified with clinical psychology Surveys – the most commonly engaged in activity by clinical psychologists

26. Psychological Testing 1960 – 1980 backlash against testing behavior therapy humanists poor psychometrics culturally insensitive

27. Psychological Testing: Consequences of Backlash Improved standardization Inclusive test items Proliferation of specific tests Revision of popular tests Improved guidelines for test users

28. Professional Practice Licensing vs. certification All states create licensing/certification laws 1945-1980 Psychologists get third-party reimbursement Private practice grows Managed care

29. Specialization Division 12 – Society of Clinical Psychology: Sections II – Clinical Geropsychology III – Society of a Science of Clinical Psychology IV – Clinical Psychology of Women V. Clinical Psychology of Ethnic minorities VI. – Emergencies and Crises VII. – Association of Medical Psychology Section 1 – Clinical Child Psychology became Division 53 Section 5 – Society of Pediatric Psychology became Division 54

30. Growth Training 1969 – 70 APA accredited programs 1979 – 100 1989 – 157 1999 – over 200 Membership - 1999 – over 50% APA members identify themselves as clinical 1990’s 9 of 10 APA presidents clinical psychologists